The heart in sarcoidosis: Difference between revisions
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[[Pericarditis]] as a manifestation of sarcoidosis has been frequently described and [[necropsy]] studies have documented [[cardiac]] involvement in 27% of patients, but clinically significant [[pericarditis]] is uncommon. In addition, sarcoidosis has been rarely documented in children. The [[granulomatous]] infiltrative disease of the [[myocardium]] is often [[asymptomatic]], but can cause [[arrhythmias]], [[conduction disease]] and, rarely, otherwise unexplained [[congestive heart failure]]. Early [[diagnosis]] can be very important because it's generally believed aggressive [[steroid]] [[Treatments|treatment]] may decrease [[mortality]]. [[Granulomatous]] infiltration may be patchy, with a predilection toward involvement of the [[left ventricle]], particularly the upper [[septal]] area. This distribution influences the likelihood of obtaining a [[diagnostic]] right sided [[endomyocardial]] [[biopsy]]. Use of [[gallium]] or [[thallium]] [[imaging]] may be helpful in determining the need for and duration of [[immunosuppressive therapy]], but this approach has not been proved in any formal trial<ref>Braunwald's Heart Disease 8th Ed, 2007, Libby P</ref> <ref name="urlSarcoidosis: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine">{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/PED/topic2043.htm |title=Sarcoidosis: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>Mayo Clinic Cardiology, Concise Textbook, 3rd edition, 2007</ref> <ref>Hurst's The Heart, Fuster V, 11th (printed) and 12th (online) editions, 2004-2008</ref>. [[Sarcoid]] [[cardiomyopathy|dilated cardiomyopathy]] may be difficult to distinguish from [[idiopathic]] [[cardiomyopathy]] or occasionally from [[giant cell myocarditis]]. [[Conduction disease]] is more common than [[Pump failure|pump dysfunction]] in patients with [[sarcoidosis]]. [[Biopsy]] may help distinguish sarcoidosis from [[idiopathic]] or [[giant cell]] [[myocarditis]], but the [[diagnostic]] yield of [[endomyocardial]] [[biopsy]] is low. Active sarcoidosis is generally believed to be [[steroid]] responsive. However, [[myocardial]] involvement with sarcoid can result in large patches of [[Fibrosis|fibrotic]] [[scar]] that may be [[arrhythmogenic]] but no longer respond to [[steroids]]. [[Scar]] is often significantly underestimated by [[imaging]] studies and [[biopsy]]. [[Pulmonary artery hypertension]] and [[cor pulmonale]] can occur in [[sarcoidosis]], generally as a result of [[pulmonary fibrosis]].[[Systemic vasculitis]] is an uncommon [[complication]] of sarcoidosis. Its prevalence remains unknown. Sarcoid [[vasculitis]] can affect small to large caliber [[vessels]], including the [[aorta]]. The latter presentation can be easily confused with [[Takayasu arteritis]]. African American [[patients]] appear predisposed to developing large [[vessel]] involvement. <ref>Harris: Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology, 7th ed. 2005</ref> <ref>Robbins and Cotran PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE, 7th Edition, 2005</ref> <ref>Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics, The, 32nd Edition, 2007</ref> <ref>Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 23rd Edition, 2007</ref> <ref>Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, 2005</ref> | [[Pericarditis]] as a manifestation of sarcoidosis has been frequently described and [[necropsy]] studies have documented [[cardiac]] involvement in 27% of patients, but clinically significant [[pericarditis]] is uncommon. In addition, sarcoidosis has been rarely documented in children. The [[granulomatous]] infiltrative disease of the [[myocardium]] is often [[asymptomatic]], but can cause [[arrhythmias]], [[conduction disease]] and, rarely, otherwise unexplained [[congestive heart failure]]. Early [[diagnosis]] can be very important because it's generally believed aggressive [[steroid]] [[Treatments|treatment]] may decrease [[mortality]]. [[Granulomatous]] infiltration may be patchy, with a predilection toward involvement of the [[left ventricle]], particularly the upper [[septal]] area. This distribution influences the likelihood of obtaining a [[diagnostic]] right sided [[endomyocardial]] [[biopsy]]. Use of [[gallium]] or [[thallium]] [[imaging]] may be helpful in determining the need for and duration of [[immunosuppressive therapy]], but this approach has not been proved in any formal trial<ref>Braunwald's Heart Disease 8th Ed, 2007, Libby P</ref> <ref name="urlSarcoidosis: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine">{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/PED/topic2043.htm |title=Sarcoidosis: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>Mayo Clinic Cardiology, Concise Textbook, 3rd edition, 2007</ref> <ref>Hurst's The Heart, Fuster V, 11th (printed) and 12th (online) editions, 2004-2008</ref>. [[Sarcoid]] [[cardiomyopathy|dilated cardiomyopathy]] may be difficult to distinguish from [[idiopathic]] [[cardiomyopathy]] or occasionally from [[giant cell myocarditis]]. [[Conduction disease]] is more common than [[Pump failure|pump dysfunction]] in patients with [[sarcoidosis]]. [[Biopsy]] may help distinguish sarcoidosis from [[idiopathic]] or [[giant cell]] [[myocarditis]], but the [[diagnostic]] yield of [[endomyocardial]] [[biopsy]] is low. Active sarcoidosis is generally believed to be [[steroid]] responsive. However, [[myocardial]] involvement with sarcoid can result in large patches of [[Fibrosis|fibrotic]] [[scar]] that may be [[arrhythmogenic]] but no longer respond to [[steroids]]. [[Scar]] is often significantly underestimated by [[imaging]] studies and [[biopsy]]. [[Pulmonary artery hypertension]] and [[cor pulmonale]] can occur in [[sarcoidosis]], generally as a result of [[pulmonary fibrosis]].[[Systemic vasculitis]] is an uncommon [[complication]] of sarcoidosis. Its prevalence remains unknown. Sarcoid [[vasculitis]] can affect small to large caliber [[vessels]], including the [[aorta]]. The latter presentation can be easily confused with [[Takayasu arteritis]]. African American [[patients]] appear predisposed to developing large [[vessel]] involvement. <ref>Harris: Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology, 7th ed. 2005</ref> <ref>Robbins and Cotran PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE, 7th Edition, 2005</ref> <ref>Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics, The, 32nd Edition, 2007</ref> <ref>Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 23rd Edition, 2007</ref> <ref>Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, 2005</ref> | ||
==Historical perspective== | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Revision as of 13:56, 5 November 2019
| The heart in sarcoidosis | |
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| The heart in sarcoidosis: Moderately dilated left ventricle. Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Keywords: cardiac sarcoidosis, sarcoidosis cordis
Overview
Pericarditis as a manifestation of sarcoidosis has been frequently described and necropsy studies have documented cardiac involvement in 27% of patients, but clinically significant pericarditis is uncommon. In addition, sarcoidosis has been rarely documented in children. The granulomatous infiltrative disease of the myocardium is often asymptomatic, but can cause arrhythmias, conduction disease and, rarely, otherwise unexplained congestive heart failure. Early diagnosis can be very important because it's generally believed aggressive steroid treatment may decrease mortality. Granulomatous infiltration may be patchy, with a predilection toward involvement of the left ventricle, particularly the upper septal area. This distribution influences the likelihood of obtaining a diagnostic right sided endomyocardial biopsy. Use of gallium or thallium imaging may be helpful in determining the need for and duration of immunosuppressive therapy, but this approach has not been proved in any formal trial[1] [2][3] [4]. Sarcoid dilated cardiomyopathy may be difficult to distinguish from idiopathic cardiomyopathy or occasionally from giant cell myocarditis. Conduction disease is more common than pump dysfunction in patients with sarcoidosis. Biopsy may help distinguish sarcoidosis from idiopathic or giant cell myocarditis, but the diagnostic yield of endomyocardial biopsy is low. Active sarcoidosis is generally believed to be steroid responsive. However, myocardial involvement with sarcoid can result in large patches of fibrotic scar that may be arrhythmogenic but no longer respond to steroids. Scar is often significantly underestimated by imaging studies and biopsy. Pulmonary artery hypertension and cor pulmonale can occur in sarcoidosis, generally as a result of pulmonary fibrosis.Systemic vasculitis is an uncommon complication of sarcoidosis. Its prevalence remains unknown. Sarcoid vasculitis can affect small to large caliber vessels, including the aorta. The latter presentation can be easily confused with Takayasu arteritis. African American patients appear predisposed to developing large vessel involvement. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Historical perspective
Diagnosis
Cardiac MRI
Common MRI findings in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis include:
- Delayed enhancement, which may be either mid wall or transmural
- Nodular mid wall hyperintense foci on black blood T2-weighted imaging
- Areas of focal myocardial thickening.
- Disease may involve either the left or the right ventricle but more commonly involves the left ventricle.
References
- ↑ Braunwald's Heart Disease 8th Ed, 2007, Libby P
- ↑ "Sarcoidosis: eMedicine Pediatrics: General Medicine".
- ↑ Mayo Clinic Cardiology, Concise Textbook, 3rd edition, 2007
- ↑ Hurst's The Heart, Fuster V, 11th (printed) and 12th (online) editions, 2004-2008
- ↑ Harris: Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology, 7th ed. 2005
- ↑ Robbins and Cotran PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE, 7th Edition, 2005
- ↑ Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics, The, 32nd Edition, 2007
- ↑ Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 23rd Edition, 2007
- ↑ Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, 2005