Cardiogenic shock epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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*Also according to this registry, the 3 and 6 year [[survival rates]] of the group who underwent early [[revascularization]] were 41.4% and 32.8% respectively.<ref name="pmid16757723">{{cite journal| author=Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Dzavik V, Buller CE, Aylward P et al.| title=Early revascularization and long-term survival in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 21 | pages= 2511-5 | pmid=16757723 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.21.2511 | pmc=PMC1782030 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16757723 }} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17080971 Review in: ACP J Club. 2006 Nov-Dec;145(3):59] </ref> | *Also according to this registry, the 3 and 6 year [[survival rates]] of the group who underwent early [[revascularization]] were 41.4% and 32.8% respectively.<ref name="pmid16757723">{{cite journal| author=Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Dzavik V, Buller CE, Aylward P et al.| title=Early revascularization and long-term survival in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. | journal=JAMA | year= 2006 | volume= 295 | issue= 21 | pages= 2511-5 | pmid=16757723 | doi=10.1001/jama.295.21.2511 | pmc=PMC1782030 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16757723 }} [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17080971 Review in: ACP J Club. 2006 Nov-Dec;145(3):59] </ref> | ||
*The time course evaluated by the ''GUSTO-I trial'' showed that, of the 41.000 patients with acute [[MI]] treated with [[fibrinolytic]] therapy, 0.8% were in [[shock]] on admission, an additional 5.3% developed [[shock]] after admission as a sudden event or as a gradual fall in [[blood pressure]], and approximately 50% of the patients who developed [[shock]] after admission.<ref name="pmid7642857">{{cite journal| author=Holmes DR, Bates ER, Kleiman NS, Sadowski Z, Horgan JH, Morris DC et al.| title=Contemporary reperfusion therapy for cardiogenic shock: the GUSTO-I trial experience. The GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1995 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 668-74 | pmid=7642857 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7642857 }} </ref> | *The time course evaluated by the ''GUSTO-I trial'' showed that, of the 41.000 patients with acute [[MI]] treated with [[fibrinolytic]] therapy, 0.8% were in [[shock]] on admission, an additional 5.3% developed [[shock]] after admission as a sudden event or as a gradual fall in [[blood pressure]], and approximately 50% of the patients who developed [[shock]] after admission.<ref name="pmid7642857">{{cite journal| author=Holmes DR, Bates ER, Kleiman NS, Sadowski Z, Horgan JH, Morris DC et al.| title=Contemporary reperfusion therapy for cardiogenic shock: the GUSTO-I trial experience. The GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1995 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 668-74 | pmid=7642857 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7642857 }} </ref> | ||
The increase in the use of [[primary PCI]], as the main [[reperfusion]] strategy for [[MI]], over [[thrombolysis]], has also contributed to the decrease in the incidence of [[CHF]].<ref name="GoldbergSpencer2009">{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=R. J.|last2=Spencer|first2=F. A.|last3=Gore|first3=J. M.|last4=Lessard|first4=D.|last5=Yarzebski|first5=J.|title=Thirty-Year Trends (1975 to 2005) in the Magnitude of, Management of, and Hospital Death Rates Associated With Cardiogenic Shock in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Population-Based Perspective|journal=Circulation|volume=119|issue=9|year=2009|pages=1211–1219|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814947}}</ref><ref name="pmid17036099">{{cite journal| author=Giglioli C, Margheri M, Valente S, Comeglio M, Lazzeri C, Chechi T et al.| title=Timing, setting and incidence of cardiovascular complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention. | journal=Can J Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 22 | issue= 12 | pages= 1047-52 | pmid=17036099 | doi= | pmc=PMC2568965 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17036099 }} </ref> Back in the prereperfusion era, the 30-day [[mortality]] for acute [[MI]] complicated by cardiogenic shock was about 80%. This number went down to 58%, according to the ''GUSTO I registry'', in patients who were treated with [[thrombolysis]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Topol | first = Eric | title = Textbook of cardiovascular medicine | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | year = 2007 | isbn = 0781770122 }}</ref> Recently, improvements in [[mortality]] have been shown and confirmed, as by the ''GRACE registry'', which studied a group of patients from 1999 to 2006, and that demonstrated a 24% decline in cardiogenic shock complicating acute [[MI]], with the use of [[PCI]] [[reperfusion]].<ref name="pmid17473299">{{cite journal| author=Fox KA, Steg PG, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Anderson FA, Granger CB et al.| title=Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999-2006. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 297 | issue= 17 | pages= 1892-900 | pmid=17473299 | doi=10.1001/jama.297.17.1892 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17473299 }} </ref> | *The increase in the use of [[primary PCI]], as the main [[reperfusion]] strategy for [[MI]], over [[thrombolysis]], has also contributed to the decrease in the incidence of [[CHF]].<ref name="GoldbergSpencer2009">{{cite journal|last1=Goldberg|first1=R. J.|last2=Spencer|first2=F. A.|last3=Gore|first3=J. M.|last4=Lessard|first4=D.|last5=Yarzebski|first5=J.|title=Thirty-Year Trends (1975 to 2005) in the Magnitude of, Management of, and Hospital Death Rates Associated With Cardiogenic Shock in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Population-Based Perspective|journal=Circulation|volume=119|issue=9|year=2009|pages=1211–1219|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814947}}</ref><ref name="pmid17036099">{{cite journal| author=Giglioli C, Margheri M, Valente S, Comeglio M, Lazzeri C, Chechi T et al.| title=Timing, setting and incidence of cardiovascular complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention. | journal=Can J Cardiol | year= 2006 | volume= 22 | issue= 12 | pages= 1047-52 | pmid=17036099 | doi= | pmc=PMC2568965 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17036099 }} </ref> Back in the prereperfusion era, the 30-day [[mortality]] for acute [[MI]] complicated by cardiogenic shock was about 80%. This number went down to 58%, according to the ''GUSTO I registry'', in patients who were treated with [[thrombolysis]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Topol | first = Eric | title = Textbook of cardiovascular medicine | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | year = 2007 | isbn = 0781770122 }}</ref> | ||
*Recently, improvements in [[mortality]] have been shown and confirmed, as by the ''GRACE registry'', which studied a group of patients from 1999 to 2006, and that demonstrated a 24% decline in cardiogenic shock complicating acute [[MI]], with the use of [[PCI]] [[reperfusion]].<ref name="pmid17473299">{{cite journal| author=Fox KA, Steg PG, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Anderson FA, Granger CB et al.| title=Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999-2006. | journal=JAMA | year= 2007 | volume= 297 | issue= 17 | pages= 1892-900 | pmid=17473299 | doi=10.1001/jama.297.17.1892 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17473299 }} </ref> | |||
Cardiogenic shock has shown to have greater [[incidence]] and [[mortality rate]] in certain classes of patients: | ===Cardiogenic shock has shown to have greater [[incidence]] and [[mortality rate]] in certain classes of patients:=== | ||
*Elderly<ref name="pmid10385759">{{cite journal| author=Hasdai D, Holmes DR, Califf RM, Thompson TD, Hochman JS, Pfisterer M et al.| title=Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: predictors of death. GUSTO Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue-Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 138 | issue= 1 Pt 1 | pages= 21-31 | pmid=10385759 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10385759 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14984921">{{cite journal| author=Zeymer U, Vogt A, Zahn R, Weber MA, Tebbe U, Gottwik M et al.| title=Predictors of in-hospital mortality in 1333 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); Results of the primary PCI registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhausärzte (ALKK). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2004 | volume= 25 | issue= 4 | pages= 322-8 | pmid=14984921 | doi=10.1016/j.ehj.2003.12.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14984921 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10460813">{{cite journal| author=Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD et al.| title=Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1999 | volume= 341 | issue= 9 | pages= 625-34 | pmid=10460813 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199908263410901 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10460813 }} </ref> | *Elderly<ref name="pmid10385759">{{cite journal| author=Hasdai D, Holmes DR, Califf RM, Thompson TD, Hochman JS, Pfisterer M et al.| title=Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: predictors of death. GUSTO Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue-Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1999 | volume= 138 | issue= 1 Pt 1 | pages= 21-31 | pmid=10385759 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10385759 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14984921">{{cite journal| author=Zeymer U, Vogt A, Zahn R, Weber MA, Tebbe U, Gottwik M et al.| title=Predictors of in-hospital mortality in 1333 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); Results of the primary PCI registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhausärzte (ALKK). | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 2004 | volume= 25 | issue= 4 | pages= 322-8 | pmid=14984921 | doi=10.1016/j.ehj.2003.12.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14984921 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10460813">{{cite journal| author=Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD et al.| title=Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1999 | volume= 341 | issue= 9 | pages= 625-34 | pmid=10460813 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199908263410901 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10460813 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Diabetic]] patients<ref name="pmid10985711">{{cite journal| author=Shindler DM, Palmeri ST, Antonelli TA, Sleeper LA, Boland J, Cocke TP et al.| title=Diabetes mellitus in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries for cardiogenic shocK? | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2000 | volume= 36 | issue= 3 Suppl A | pages= 1097-103 | pmid=10985711 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10985711 }} </ref> | *[[Diabetic]] patients<ref name="pmid10985711">{{cite journal| author=Shindler DM, Palmeri ST, Antonelli TA, Sleeper LA, Boland J, Cocke TP et al.| title=Diabetes mellitus in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries for cardiogenic shocK? | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2000 | volume= 36 | issue= 3 Suppl A | pages= 1097-103 | pmid=10985711 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10985711 }} </ref> | ||
Revision as of 20:11, 23 December 2019
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Cardiogenic Shock Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2] Syed Musadiq Ali M.B.B.S.[3]
Overview
In defiance of the historic numbers of mortality from cardiogenic shock of 80% to 90%, in the modern era, this type of shock comprises a mortality risk of around 50%, in the face of the diagnostic and treatment techniques, which have greatly been developed in recent years. Depending on the demographic and clinical factors, this risk can range from 10% to 80%. The incidence of cardiogenic shock among patients with acute MI is approximately 5% to 10%.[1][2] Because atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction are both more frequent among males, cardiogenic shock is more common in this gender. However, because women tend to present with acute myocardial infarction at a later age, along with the fact that they have a greater chance of having multivessel coronary artery disease when they first develop symptoms, a greater proportion of women with acute MI develop cardiogenic shock.[3]
Epidemiology and Demographics
- With the improvements made in the time for diagnosis and therapeutic measures offered for acute myocardial infarction, in which increasing rates of use of primary PCI in recent years have a major role, the once very stable incidence of cardiogenic shock in this group of patients is finally declining.[4]
- Cardiogenic shock is still an important complication in 5-8% of patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction[5][6] and 2.5% of those with non ST elevation myocardial infarction.[7][8]
- The high incidence of left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock due to right ventricle failure (incidence of 2.8%) has as high mortality risk as shock following left ventricle failure.[9]
- According to the SHOCK registry, both groups of patients benefit equally from revascularization procedures.[10]
- Also according to this registry, the 3 and 6 year survival rates of the group who underwent early revascularization were 41.4% and 32.8% respectively.[11]
- The time course evaluated by the GUSTO-I trial showed that, of the 41.000 patients with acute MI treated with fibrinolytic therapy, 0.8% were in shock on admission, an additional 5.3% developed shock after admission as a sudden event or as a gradual fall in blood pressure, and approximately 50% of the patients who developed shock after admission.[12]
- The increase in the use of primary PCI, as the main reperfusion strategy for MI, over thrombolysis, has also contributed to the decrease in the incidence of CHF.[13][14] Back in the prereperfusion era, the 30-day mortality for acute MI complicated by cardiogenic shock was about 80%. This number went down to 58%, according to the GUSTO I registry, in patients who were treated with thrombolysis.[15]
- Recently, improvements in mortality have been shown and confirmed, as by the GRACE registry, which studied a group of patients from 1999 to 2006, and that demonstrated a 24% decline in cardiogenic shock complicating acute MI, with the use of PCI reperfusion.[16]
Cardiogenic shock has shown to have greater incidence and mortality rate in certain classes of patients:
- Elderly[17][18][19]
- Diabetic patients[20]
- Larger extent of left ventricular injury[7][21][22]
- Female sex, although initially classified as an independent predictor of outcome,[23] studies have revealed that this assumption wasn't true.[18][24][25]
References
- ↑ Goldberg RJ, Samad NA, Yarzebski J, et al. Temporal trends in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. Apr 15 1999;340(15):1162-8.
- ↑ Hasdai D, Holmes DR, Topol EJ, et al. Frequency and clinical outcome of cardiogenic shock during acute myocardial infarction among patients receiving reteplase or alteplase. Results from GUSTO-III. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries. Eur Heart J. Jan 1999;20(2):128-35.
- ↑ Hasdai D, Califf RM, Thompson TD, et al. Predictors of cardiogenic shock after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 2000;35(1):136-43.
- ↑ Hasdai, David. (2002). Cardiogenic shock : diagnosis and treatmen. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. ISBN 1-58829-025-5.
- ↑ Fox KA, Anderson FA, Dabbous OH, Steg PG, López-Sendón J, Van de Werf F; et al. (2007). "Intervention in acute coronary syndromes: do patients undergo intervention on the basis of their risk characteristics? The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE)". Heart. 93 (2): 177–82. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.084830. PMC 1861403. PMID 16757543.
- ↑ Babaev A, Frederick PD, Pasta DJ, Every N, Sichrovsky T, Hochman JS; et al. (2005). "Trends in management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock". JAMA. 294 (4): 448–54. doi:10.1001/jama.294.4.448. PMID 16046651.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hasdai D, Harrington RA, Hochman JS, Califf RM, Battler A, Box JW; et al. (2000). "Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade and outcome of cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation". J Am Coll Cardiol. 36 (3): 685–92. PMID 10987585.
- ↑ Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, Howard VJ, Rumsfeld J, Manolio T; et al. (2006). "Heart disease and stroke statistics--2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee". Circulation. 113 (6): e85–151. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.171600. PMID 16407573.
- ↑ Jacobs AK, Leopold JA, Bates E, Mendes LA, Sleeper LA, White H; et al. (2003). "Cardiogenic shock caused by right ventricular infarction: a report from the SHOCK registry". J Am Coll Cardiol. 41 (8): 1273–9. PMID 12706920.
- ↑ Hochman, Judith S; Buller, Christopher E; Sleeper, Lynn A; Boland, Jean; Dzavik, Vladimir; Sanborn, Timothy A; Godfrey, Emilie; White, Harvey D; Lim, John; LeJemtel, Thierry (2000). "Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction—etiologies, management and outcome: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 36 (3): 1063–1070. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00879-2. ISSN 0735-1097.
- ↑ Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Dzavik V, Buller CE, Aylward P; et al. (2006). "Early revascularization and long-term survival in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction". JAMA. 295 (21): 2511–5. doi:10.1001/jama.295.21.2511. PMC 1782030. PMID 16757723. Review in: ACP J Club. 2006 Nov-Dec;145(3):59
- ↑ Holmes DR, Bates ER, Kleiman NS, Sadowski Z, Horgan JH, Morris DC; et al. (1995). "Contemporary reperfusion therapy for cardiogenic shock: the GUSTO-I trial experience. The GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries". J Am Coll Cardiol. 26 (3): 668–74. PMID 7642857.
- ↑ Goldberg, R. J.; Spencer, F. A.; Gore, J. M.; Lessard, D.; Yarzebski, J. (2009). "Thirty-Year Trends (1975 to 2005) in the Magnitude of, Management of, and Hospital Death Rates Associated With Cardiogenic Shock in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Population-Based Perspective". Circulation. 119 (9): 1211–1219. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814947. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Giglioli C, Margheri M, Valente S, Comeglio M, Lazzeri C, Chechi T; et al. (2006). "Timing, setting and incidence of cardiovascular complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention". Can J Cardiol. 22 (12): 1047–52. PMC 2568965. PMID 17036099.
- ↑ Topol, Eric (2007). Textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0781770122.
- ↑ Fox KA, Steg PG, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Anderson FA, Granger CB; et al. (2007). "Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999-2006". JAMA. 297 (17): 1892–900. doi:10.1001/jama.297.17.1892. PMID 17473299.
- ↑ Hasdai D, Holmes DR, Califf RM, Thompson TD, Hochman JS, Pfisterer M; et al. (1999). "Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: predictors of death. GUSTO Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue-Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries". Am Heart J. 138 (1 Pt 1): 21–31. PMID 10385759.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Zeymer U, Vogt A, Zahn R, Weber MA, Tebbe U, Gottwik M; et al. (2004). "Predictors of in-hospital mortality in 1333 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); Results of the primary PCI registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhausärzte (ALKK)". Eur Heart J. 25 (4): 322–8. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.12.008. PMID 14984921.
- ↑ Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD; et al. (1999). "Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock". N Engl J Med. 341 (9): 625–34. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908263410901. PMID 10460813.
- ↑ Shindler DM, Palmeri ST, Antonelli TA, Sleeper LA, Boland J, Cocke TP; et al. (2000). "Diabetes mellitus in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries for cardiogenic shocK?". J Am Coll Cardiol. 36 (3 Suppl A): 1097–103. PMID 10985711.
- ↑ Holmes, D. R.; Berger, P. B.; Hochman, J. S.; Granger, C. B.; Thompson, T. D.; Califf, R. M.; Vahanian, A.; Bates, E. R.; Topol, E. J. (1999). "Cardiogenic Shock in Patients With Acute Ischemic Syndromes With and Without ST-Segment Elevation". Circulation. 100 (20): 2067–2073. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.100.20.2067. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Jacobs, Alice K; French, John K; Col, Jacques; Sleeper, Lynn A; Slater, James N; Carnendran, Louis; Boland, Jean; Jiang, Xianjiao; LeJemtel, Thierry; Hochman, Judith S (2000). "Cardiogenic shock with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 36 (3): 1091–1096. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00888-3. ISSN 0735-1097.
- ↑ Klein LW, Shaw RE, Krone RJ, Brindis RG, Anderson HV, Block PC; et al. (2005). "Mortality after emergent percutaneous coronary intervention in cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction and usefulness of a mortality prediction model". Am J Cardiol. 96 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.02.040. PMID 15979429.
- ↑ Wong SC, Sleeper LA, Monrad ES, Menegus MA, Palazzo A, Dzavik V; et al. (2001). "Absence of gender differences in clinical outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. A report from the SHOCK Trial Registry". J Am Coll Cardiol. 38 (5): 1395–401. PMID 11691514.
- ↑ Antoniucci D, Migliorini A, Moschi G, Valenti R, Trapani M, Parodi G; et al. (2003). "Does gender affect the clinical outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention?". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 59 (4): 423–8. doi:10.1002/ccd.10573. PMID 12891599.