Epiglottitis causes: Difference between revisions
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* [[Aeromonas|Aeromonas hydrophilia]] | * [[Aeromonas|Aeromonas hydrophilia]] | ||
* [[Allergic reactions]] | * [[Allergic reactions]] | ||
Revision as of 20:53, 10 January 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [2]; Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [3] Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [4]
Overview
Prior to the introduction of Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine,[1] H. influenza was the most common culprit of epiglottitis. In recent literature, group A [beta]-hemolytic Streptococci is more commonly observed to be the cause. The disease used to be mostly found in pediatric age group of 3 to 5 years. However, recent trend favors adults as most commonly affected individuals.[2] Other pathogens such as escherichia coli, candida albicans, or kingella kingae may be encountered in immunocompromised hosts. Occasionally, noninfectious causes examples trauma from foreign objects inhalation and chemical burns have been found to cause epiglottitis.
Causes
Prior to the introduction of Haemophilus influenza type b vaccine,[3] H. influenza was the common culprit of epiglottitis. In recent literature, group A [beta]-hemolytic Streptococci is more commonly observed to be the cause. The disease used to be mostly found in pediatric age group of 3 to 5 years. However, recent trend favors adults as most commonly affected individuals.[2]
Life-Threatening Causes
Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Epiglottitis is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes.[4]
Common Causes
Common causes of epiglottitis include:[5][2]
- Beta-hemolytic streptococci
- Haemophilus influenzae serotype B infection
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Less common causes
Less common causes of epiglottitis include:[6][7]
- Noninfectious causes examples include:
- Trauma from foreign objects inhalation
- Chemical burns
- Viruses (including herpes simplex)
- Fungi (Aspergillus spp and Candida albicans)
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Aeromonas hydrophilia
- Allergic reactions
- Aspergillus
- Bacteroides melaninogenicus
- Beta-hemolytic streptococcus
- Blind finger sweep
- Bone marrow transplantation
- Candida albicans
- Caustic ingestion
- Chloramines in pool water
- Citrobacter diversus
- Cytomegalovirus
- Eikenella corrodens
- Enterobacter cloacae
- Epstein-Barr virus
- Escherichia coli
- Foreign body ingestion
- Fusobacterium
- Gastroesophageal reflux
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Haemophilus parainfluenzae
- Hereditary angioedema
- Herpes simplex virus
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Hot water ingestion
- Influenza B virus
- Kingella kingae
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Laryngeal lymphangioma
- Laryngeal mask airway
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Parainfluenza virus
- Pasteurella multocida
- Peptostreptococcus
- Propionibacterium
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Serratia marcescens
- Smoking illicit drugs
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Stomatococcus mucilaginosus
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus viridans
- Streptococcus milleri
- Thermal injury
- Tonsillectomy complication
- Varicella-zoster virus
- Vallecular cyst
- Vibrio vulnificus
References
- ↑ Schlossberg, David (2015). Clinical infectious disease (Second ed.). p. 202. ISBN 9781107038912.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED (2016). "Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away". Anesthesiology. 124 (6): 1404–7. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125. PMID 27031010.
- ↑ Schlossberg, David (2015). Clinical infectious disease (Second ed.). p. 202. ISBN 9781107038912.
- ↑ Richards AM (2016). "Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 34 (1): 77–96. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2015.08.006. PMID 26614243.
- ↑ Trollfors B, Nylén O, Strangert K (1990). "Acute epiglottitis in children and adults in Sweden 1981-3". Arch Dis Child. 65 (5): 491–4. PMC 1792127. PMID 2357085.
- ↑ Charles R, Fadden M, Brook J (2013). "Acute epiglottitis". BMJ. 347: f5235. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5235. PMID 24052580.
- ↑ Shah KM, Carswell KN, Paradise Black NM (2016). "Prolonged Stridor and Epiglottitis With Concurrent Bacterial and Viral Etiologies". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 55 (1): 91–2. doi:10.1177/0009922815584221. PMID 25926662.