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In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of [[sudden death]] are due to myocarditis. Myocarditis is slightly more frequent among males than females.
In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of [[sudden death]] are due to myocarditis. Myocarditis is slightly more frequent among males than females.
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The incidence of myocarditis is approximately 10 to 20 per 100,000 patients worldwide.
===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
In routine [[autopsy|autopsies]], 1-9% of all patients had evidence of myocardial inflammation.
 
*The prevalence of myocarditis is estimated to be 1.5 million cases annually.


===Age===
===Age===
In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of [[sudden death]] are due to myocarditis.
 
*Myocarditis commonly affects younger individuals; the median age at diagnosis of lymphocytic myocarditis is 42 years while this number is 58 years in giant cell myocarditis.
*Among competitive athletes, myocarditis is accused of the third cause of sudden cardiac death.
 
===Gender===
===Gender===
Myocarditis is slightly more frequent among males than females. This may be due to protection conferred by the ovarian cycle.<ref name="pmid15527830">{{cite journal| author=Schwartz J, Sartini D, Huber S| title=Myocarditis susceptibility in female mice depends upon ovarian cycle phase at infection. | journal=Virology | year= 2004 | volume= 330 | issue= 1 | pages= 16-23 | pmid=15527830 | doi=10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.051 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15527830  }} </ref>
 
* Yong males are slightly more commonly affected by myocarditis than females. This may be due to protection conferred by the ovarian cycle.<ref name="pmid15527830">{{cite journal| author=Schwartz J, Sartini D, Huber S| title=Myocarditis susceptibility in female mice depends upon ovarian cycle phase at infection. | journal=Virology | year= 2004 | volume= 330 | issue= 1 | pages= 16-23 | pmid=15527830 | doi=10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.051 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15527830  }} </ref>


===Race===
===Race===
No difference in frequency of myocarditis has been observed between various races.
 
* There is no racial predilection to myocarditis. Although, peripartum cardiomyopathy is more common in Africans.


===Etiology in Developed Countries===
===Etiology in Developed Countries===
*Viral infections are the most common cause of myocarditis in developed countries. <ref name="pmid8682098">{{cite journal| author=Friman G, Wesslén L, Fohlman J, Karjalainen J, Rolf C| title=The epidemiology of infectious myocarditis, lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1995 | volume= 16 Suppl O | issue=  | pages= 36-41 | pmid=8682098 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid18645053">{{cite journal| author=Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, Klingel K, Bültmann B, Müller T et al.| title=Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 639-48 | pmid=18645053 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489 | pmc= | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18645053  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2644885">{{cite journal| author=McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S| title=Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 110 | issue= 5 | pages= 339-45 | pmid=2644885 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
*Viral infections are the most common cause of myocarditis in developed countries. <ref name="pmid8682098">{{cite journal| author=Friman G, Wesslén L, Fohlman J, Karjalainen J, Rolf C| title=The epidemiology of infectious myocarditis, lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1995 | volume= 16 Suppl O | issue=  | pages= 36-41 | pmid=8682098 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid18645053">{{cite journal| author=Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, Klingel K, Bültmann B, Müller T et al.| title=Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 639-48 | pmid=18645053 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489 | pmc= | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18645053  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2644885">{{cite journal| author=McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S| title=Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 110 | issue= 5 | pages= 339-45 | pmid=2644885 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
*Common viral causes include [[coxsackie B]] and [[enterovirus]].
*Common viral causes include [[coxsackie B]] and [[enterovirus]].
*The frequency of [[dilated cardiomyopathy]] secondary to [[myocarditis]] is 7.5-10 per 100,000 individuals with enterovirus infections, with the Coxsackie-B viruses being the most common cause.
*The frequency of [[dilated cardiomyopathy]] secondary to [[myocarditis]] is 7.5-10 per 100,000 individuals with enterovirus infections, with the Coxsackie-B viruses being the most common cause.
*Recent studies show that [[adenovirus]], [[parvovirus B19]], [[hepatitis C]], and [[human herpes virus 6]] were the common causes for myocarditis.
*Recent studies show that [[adenovirus]], [[parvovirus B19]], [[hepatitis C]], and [[human herpes virus 6]] were the common causes for myocarditis.
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===Etiology in Developing Countries===
===Etiology in Developing Countries===
In South America, [[Chagas' disease]] (caused by ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'') is the main cause of myocarditis. Other causes in developing countries include [[rheumatic fever]] and [[HIV infection]].<ref name="pmid16253886">{{cite journal| author=Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M| title=The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 5 | issue= 11 | pages= 685-94 | pmid=16253886 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70267-X | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16253886  }} </ref>  
In South America, [[Chagas' disease]] (caused by ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'') is the main cause of myocarditis. Other causes in developing countries include [[rheumatic fever]] and [[HIV infection]].<ref name="pmid16253886">{{cite journal| author=Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M| title=The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 5 | issue= 11 | pages= 685-94 | pmid=16253886 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70267-X | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16253886  }} </ref>
 
 
No particular race predilection is noted for myocarditis except for peripartum cardiomyopathy (a specific form of myocarditis that appears to have a higher incidence in patients of African descent).
 
The incidence of myocarditis is similar between males and females, although young males are particularly susceptible.
 
Patients are usually fairly young. The median age of patients affected with lymphocytic myocarditis is 42 years. Patients with giant cell myocarditis may be older (mean age 58 years), but this condition usually does not discriminate with respect to age, sex, or presenting symptoms.
 
Other susceptible groups include immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and children (particularly neonates).
 
 
 
 
 
===Incidence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
 
===Prevalence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.
 
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].
 
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
*[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
*[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
*[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
 
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
 
===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
 
*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
 
===Developed Countries===
 
===Developing Countries===
 
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Revision as of 04:52, 19 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S., Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3] Homa Najafi, M.D.[4]

Overview

In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of sudden death are due to myocarditis. Myocarditis is slightly more frequent among males than females.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence of myocarditis is approximately 10 to 20 per 100,000 patients worldwide.

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of myocarditis is estimated to be 1.5 million cases annually.

Age

  • Myocarditis commonly affects younger individuals; the median age at diagnosis of lymphocytic myocarditis is 42 years while this number is 58 years in giant cell myocarditis.
  • Among competitive athletes, myocarditis is accused of the third cause of sudden cardiac death.

Gender

  • Yong males are slightly more commonly affected by myocarditis than females. This may be due to protection conferred by the ovarian cycle.[1]

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to myocarditis. Although, peripartum cardiomyopathy is more common in Africans.

Etiology in Developed Countries

Etiology in Developing Countries

In South America, Chagas' disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) is the main cause of myocarditis. Other causes in developing countries include rheumatic fever and HIV infection.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Schwartz J, Sartini D, Huber S (2004). "Myocarditis susceptibility in female mice depends upon ovarian cycle phase at infection". Virology. 330 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.051. PMID 15527830.
  2. ↑ Friman G, Wesslén L, Fohlman J, Karjalainen J, Rolf C (1995). "The epidemiology of infectious myocarditis, lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy". Eur Heart J. 16 Suppl O: 36–41. PMID 8682098.
  3. ↑ Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, Klingel K, Bültmann B, Müller T; et al. (2008). "Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis". Circulation. 118 (6): 639–48. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489. PMID 18645053. Unknown parameter |http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D; et al. (2005). "High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction". Circulation. 111 (7): 887–93. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35. PMID 15699250. Unknown parameter |http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S (1989). "Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block". Ann Intern Med. 110 (5): 339–45. PMID 2644885.
  6. ↑ Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M (2005). "The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 685–94. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70267-X. PMID 16253886.


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