Myocarditis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of [[sudden death]] are due to myocarditis. Myocarditis is slightly more frequent among males than females. | In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of [[sudden death]] are due to myocarditis. Myocarditis is slightly more frequent among males than females. | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Incidence=== | |||
*The incidence of myocarditis is approximately 10 to 20 per 100,000 patients worldwide. | |||
===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
*The prevalence of myocarditis is estimated to be 1.5 million cases annually. | |||
===Age=== | ===Age=== | ||
*Myocarditis commonly affects younger individuals; the median age at diagnosis of lymphocytic myocarditis is 42 years while this number is 58 years in giant cell myocarditis. | |||
*Among competitive athletes, myocarditis is accused of the third cause of sudden cardiac death. | |||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
* Yong males are slightly more commonly affected by myocarditis than females. This may be due to protection conferred by the ovarian cycle.<ref name="pmid15527830">{{cite journal| author=Schwartz J, Sartini D, Huber S| title=Myocarditis susceptibility in female mice depends upon ovarian cycle phase at infection. | journal=Virology | year= 2004 | volume= 330 | issue= 1 | pages= 16-23 | pmid=15527830 | doi=10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.051 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15527830 }} </ref> | |||
===Race=== | ===Race=== | ||
* There is no racial predilection to myocarditis. Although, peripartum cardiomyopathy is more common in Africans. | |||
===Etiology in Developed Countries=== | ===Etiology in Developed Countries=== | ||
*Viral infections are the most common cause of myocarditis in developed countries. <ref name="pmid8682098">{{cite journal| author=Friman G, Wesslén L, Fohlman J, Karjalainen J, Rolf C| title=The epidemiology of infectious myocarditis, lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1995 | volume= 16 Suppl O | issue= | pages= 36-41 | pmid=8682098 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid18645053">{{cite journal| author=Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, Klingel K, Bültmann B, Müller T et al.| title=Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 639-48 | pmid=18645053 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489 | pmc= | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18645053 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2644885">{{cite journal| author=McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S| title=Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 110 | issue= 5 | pages= 339-45 | pmid=2644885 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> | *Viral infections are the most common cause of myocarditis in developed countries. <ref name="pmid8682098">{{cite journal| author=Friman G, Wesslén L, Fohlman J, Karjalainen J, Rolf C| title=The epidemiology of infectious myocarditis, lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1995 | volume= 16 Suppl O | issue= | pages= 36-41 | pmid=8682098 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid18645053">{{cite journal| author=Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, Klingel K, Bültmann B, Müller T et al.| title=Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 6 | pages= 639-48 | pmid=18645053 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489 | pmc= | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18645053 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2644885">{{cite journal| author=McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S| title=Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1989 | volume= 110 | issue= 5 | pages= 339-45 | pmid=2644885 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> | ||
*Common viral causes include [[coxsackie B]] and [[enterovirus]]. | *Common viral causes include [[coxsackie B]] and [[enterovirus]]. | ||
*The frequency of [[dilated cardiomyopathy]] secondary to [[myocarditis]] is 7.5-10 per 100,000 individuals with enterovirus infections, with the Coxsackie-B viruses being the most common cause. | *The frequency of [[dilated cardiomyopathy]] secondary to [[myocarditis]] is 7.5-10 per 100,000 individuals with enterovirus infections, with the Coxsackie-B viruses being the most common cause. | ||
*Recent studies show that [[adenovirus]], [[parvovirus B19]], [[hepatitis C]], and [[human herpes virus 6]] were the common causes for myocarditis. | *Recent studies show that [[adenovirus]], [[parvovirus B19]], [[hepatitis C]], and [[human herpes virus 6]] were the common causes for myocarditis. | ||
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===Etiology in Developing Countries=== | ===Etiology in Developing Countries=== | ||
In South America, [[Chagas' disease]] (caused by ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'') is the main cause of myocarditis. Other causes in developing countries include [[rheumatic fever]] and [[HIV infection]].<ref name="pmid16253886">{{cite journal| author=Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M| title=The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 5 | issue= 11 | pages= 685-94 | pmid=16253886 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70267-X | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16253886 }} </ref> | In South America, [[Chagas' disease]] (caused by ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'') is the main cause of myocarditis. Other causes in developing countries include [[rheumatic fever]] and [[HIV infection]].<ref name="pmid16253886">{{cite journal| author=Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M| title=The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 5 | issue= 11 | pages= 685-94 | pmid=16253886 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70267-X | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16253886 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} |
Revision as of 04:52, 19 January 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S., Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3] Homa Najafi, M.D.[4]
Overview
In young adults, up to 20% of all cases of sudden death are due to myocarditis. Myocarditis is slightly more frequent among males than females.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence of myocarditis is approximately 10 to 20 per 100,000 patients worldwide.
Prevalence
- The prevalence of myocarditis is estimated to be 1.5 million cases annually.
Age
- Myocarditis commonly affects younger individuals; the median age at diagnosis of lymphocytic myocarditis is 42 years while this number is 58 years in giant cell myocarditis.
- Among competitive athletes, myocarditis is accused of the third cause of sudden cardiac death.
Gender
- Yong males are slightly more commonly affected by myocarditis than females. This may be due to protection conferred by the ovarian cycle.[1]
Race
- There is no racial predilection to myocarditis. Although, peripartum cardiomyopathy is more common in Africans.
Etiology in Developed Countries
- Viral infections are the most common cause of myocarditis in developed countries. [2][3][4][5]
- Common viral causes include coxsackie B and enterovirus.
- The frequency of dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to myocarditis is 7.5-10 per 100,000 individuals with enterovirus infections, with the Coxsackie-B viruses being the most common cause.
- Recent studies show that adenovirus, parvovirus B19, hepatitis C, and human herpes virus 6 were the common causes for myocarditis.
- Myocarditis secondary to lyme disease should be suspected in people traveling to regions where it is endemic, particularly if there are associated conduction abnormalities of the heart.
Etiology in Developing Countries
In South America, Chagas' disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) is the main cause of myocarditis. Other causes in developing countries include rheumatic fever and HIV infection.[6]
References
- ↑ Schwartz J, Sartini D, Huber S (2004). "Myocarditis susceptibility in female mice depends upon ovarian cycle phase at infection". Virology. 330 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.051. PMID 15527830.
- ↑ Friman G, Wesslén L, Fohlman J, Karjalainen J, Rolf C (1995). "The epidemiology of infectious myocarditis, lymphocytic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy". Eur Heart J. 16 Suppl O: 36–41. PMID 8682098.
- ↑ Kindermann I, Kindermann M, Kandolf R, Klingel K, Bültmann B, Müller T; et al. (2008). "Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis". Circulation. 118 (6): 639–48. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489. PMID 18645053. Unknown parameter
|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=
ignored (help) - ↑ Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D; et al. (2005). "High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction". Circulation. 111 (7): 887–93. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35. PMID 15699250. Unknown parameter
|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=
ignored (help) - ↑ McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld M, Furman S (1989). "Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible heart block". Ann Intern Med. 110 (5): 339–45. PMID 2644885.
- ↑ Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M (2005). "The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 685–94. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70267-X. PMID 16253886.