Patent foramen ovale echocardiography and ultrasound: Difference between revisions
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==Echocardiography/Ultrasound== | ==Echocardiography/Ultrasound== | ||
*When diagnosing patent foramen ovale, several echocardiographic techniques can be used, including transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and transcranial doppler ultrasonography. They all require the use of a contrast, commonly saline | *When diagnosing patent foramen ovale, several echocardiographic techniques can be used, including transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and transcranial doppler ultrasonography. They all require the use of a contrast, commonly agitated saline contrast medium.<ref name="pmid28465918">{{cite journal| author=Falanga G, Carerj S, Oreto G, Khandheria BK, Zito C| title=How to Understand Patent Foramen Ovale Clinical Significance: Part I. | journal=J Cardiovasc Echogr | year= 2014 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 114-121 | pmid=28465918 | doi=10.4103/2211-4122.147202 | pmc=5353567 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28465918 }} </ref> | ||
*The process of detecting a right-to-left shunt across a patent foramen ovale involves the patient performing the valsalva maneuver. | *The process of detecting a right-to-left shunt across a patent foramen ovale involves the patient performing the valsalva maneuver. Agitated saline contrast medium is injected into a peripheral vein. During the strain phase of the maneuver, the saline medium is injected into a peripheral vein and the atrial septum is visualized during the release phase of the maneuver.<ref name="pmid15772190">{{cite journal| author=Pinto FJ| title=When and how to diagnose patent foramen ovale. | journal=Heart | year= 2005 | volume= 91 | issue= 4 | pages= 438-40 | pmid=15772190 | doi=10.1136/hrt.2004.052233 | pmc=1768819 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15772190 }} </ref><ref name="KuttySengupta2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kutty|first1=Shelby|last2=Sengupta|first2=Partho P.|last3=Khandheria|first3=Bijoy K.|title=Patent Foramen Ovale|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=59|issue=19|year=2012|pages=1665–1671|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.085}}</ref> | ||
*Findings on an echocardiography suggestive of/diagnostic of a right-to-left shunt include:<ref name="pmid15772190">{{cite journal| author=Pinto FJ| title=When and how to diagnose patent foramen ovale. | journal=Heart | year= 2005 | volume= 91 | issue= 4 | pages= 438-40 | pmid=15772190 | doi=10.1136/hrt.2004.052233 | pmc=1768819 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15772190 }} </ref><ref name="MasArquizan2001">{{cite journal|last1=Mas|first1=Jean-Louis|last2=Arquizan|first2=Caroline|last3=Lamy|first3=Catherine|last4=Zuber|first4=Mathieu|last5=Cabanes|first5=Laure|last6=Derumeaux|first6=Geneviève|last7=Coste|first7=Joël|title=Recurrent Cerebrovascular Events Associated with Patent Foramen Ovale, Atrial Septal Aneurysm, or Both|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=345|issue=24|year=2001|pages=1740–1746|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa011503}}</ref><ref name="YuanKasner2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yuan|first1=Kristy|last2=Kasner|first2=Scott Eric|title=Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: diagnosis and updates in secondary stroke prevention|journal=Stroke and Vascular Neurology|volume=3|issue=2|year=2018|pages=84–91|issn=2059-8688|doi=10.1136/svn-2018-000173}}</ref> | *Findings on an echocardiography suggestive of/diagnostic of a right-to-left shunt include:<ref name="pmid15772190">{{cite journal| author=Pinto FJ| title=When and how to diagnose patent foramen ovale. | journal=Heart | year= 2005 | volume= 91 | issue= 4 | pages= 438-40 | pmid=15772190 | doi=10.1136/hrt.2004.052233 | pmc=1768819 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15772190 }} </ref><ref name="MasArquizan2001">{{cite journal|last1=Mas|first1=Jean-Louis|last2=Arquizan|first2=Caroline|last3=Lamy|first3=Catherine|last4=Zuber|first4=Mathieu|last5=Cabanes|first5=Laure|last6=Derumeaux|first6=Geneviève|last7=Coste|first7=Joël|title=Recurrent Cerebrovascular Events Associated with Patent Foramen Ovale, Atrial Septal Aneurysm, or Both|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=345|issue=24|year=2001|pages=1740–1746|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa011503}}</ref><ref name="YuanKasner2018">{{cite journal|last1=Yuan|first1=Kristy|last2=Kasner|first2=Scott Eric|title=Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: diagnosis and updates in secondary stroke prevention|journal=Stroke and Vascular Neurology|volume=3|issue=2|year=2018|pages=84–91|issn=2059-8688|doi=10.1136/svn-2018-000173}}</ref> | ||
:*Presence of bubbles across the inter-atrial septum into the left atrium: A diagnosis is made with the appearance of at least three micro-bubbles within three cardiac cycles after the complete opacification of the right atrium. | :*Presence of bubbles across the inter-atrial septum into the left atrium: A diagnosis is made with the appearance of at least three micro-bubbles within three cardiac cycles after the complete opacification of the right atrium. | ||
Revision as of 16:57, 14 February 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];
Overview
Echocardiography/Ultrasound
- When diagnosing patent foramen ovale, several echocardiographic techniques can be used, including transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and transcranial doppler ultrasonography. They all require the use of a contrast, commonly agitated saline contrast medium.[1]
- The process of detecting a right-to-left shunt across a patent foramen ovale involves the patient performing the valsalva maneuver. Agitated saline contrast medium is injected into a peripheral vein. During the strain phase of the maneuver, the saline medium is injected into a peripheral vein and the atrial septum is visualized during the release phase of the maneuver.[2][3]
- Findings on an echocardiography suggestive of/diagnostic of a right-to-left shunt include:[2][4][5]
- Presence of bubbles across the inter-atrial septum into the left atrium: A diagnosis is made with the appearance of at least three micro-bubbles within three cardiac cycles after the complete opacification of the right atrium.
- 3 - 10 bubbles: Small shunt
- 10 - 20 bubbles: Medium shunt
- >20 bubbles: Large shunt
- Injecting the contrast through an upper extremity vein may lead to it being washed away by contrast-free blood flow from the inferior vena cava directed by the eustachian valve, thereby creating a false-negative result.[2][3]
Transesophageal Echocardiography
- Transesophageal echocardiography is the gold standard for diagnosis. It has a superior image resolution and the ability to identify the origin of a right-to-left shunt. It is the study of choice in patients suspected to have a paradoxical embolus.[6][2][1]
- It is important in monitoring proper percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure.[1]
- Although tranesopheageal echocardiography is preferred, sedating the patient may cause difficulty in performing the valsalva maneuver which may lead to an increased number of false-positives.[2][1]
- A transesophageal echocardiogram can be performed to search for the precise anatomy of a patent foramen ovale after positive transthoracic echocardiogram and/or transcranial doppler. This is particularly useful before scheduling a patient for percutaneous closure. On the other hand, no further studies should be done after a negative transthoracic echocardiogram and/or transcranial doppler.[1]
Transthoracic Echocardiography
- It is the most commonly used screening test for diagnosing a right-to-left shunt. It has a sensitivity of 46% and a specificity of 99%.[7]
- Findings on an transthoracic echocardiography suggestive of/diagnostic of patent foramen ovale include:[8]
- Hypermobility of the inter-atrial septum (atrial septal aneurysm).
- Color flow Doppler findings of left–right or bi-directional flow across the atrial septum.
- A standard TTE should precede a contrast-enhanced TEE in a workup for cryptogenic shock. It is limited in its ability to reveal information about aortic sources of emboli and it has a low sensitivity in small shunts. Therefore, if the suspicion is high after a negative study result or inadequate images, a contrast-enhanced TEE should be done to check for the presence of a thrombus in the the atrial appendage, cardiac masses, aortic atheroma, and vegetations that the TTE may have missed. If TTE study reveals a right-to-left shunt, a TEE is required to expound on the anatomy of the atrial septum, to assess its need for device closure, and to confirm that the shunt is due to a patent forman ovale.[1]
- It is a very specific technique that has the ability to detect a large right-to-left shunt.[9]
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography
- It is a reliable and non-invasive test useful for cryptogenic stroke work-up and consideration for patent foramen ovale closure.[1]
- It can be used as an alternative to contrast enhanced transesophageal echocardiography in recognizing a right-to-left shunt because of its excellent diagnostic accuracies.[10]
- It is more sensitive than TEE but it is limited in the ability to detect structural features and features that affect the characterization of shunts.[5]
- From a meta-analysis, transcranial doppler had a mean sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 93%, respectively.[10]
- The overlap in time that occurs when microbubbles are detected in the middle cerebral artery makes it difficult to discriminate between atrial and pulmonary shunts.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Falanga G, Carerj S, Oreto G, Khandheria BK, Zito C (2014). "How to Understand Patent Foramen Ovale Clinical Significance: Part I." J Cardiovasc Echogr. 24 (4): 114–121. doi:10.4103/2211-4122.147202. PMC 5353567. PMID 28465918.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Pinto FJ (2005). "When and how to diagnose patent foramen ovale". Heart. 91 (4): 438–40. doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.052233. PMC 1768819. PMID 15772190.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kutty, Shelby; Sengupta, Partho P.; Khandheria, Bijoy K. (2012). "Patent Foramen Ovale". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 59 (19): 1665–1671. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.085. ISSN 0735-1097.
- ↑ Mas, Jean-Louis; Arquizan, Caroline; Lamy, Catherine; Zuber, Mathieu; Cabanes, Laure; Derumeaux, Geneviève; Coste, Joël (2001). "Recurrent Cerebrovascular Events Associated with Patent Foramen Ovale, Atrial Septal Aneurysm, or Both". New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (24): 1740–1746. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011503. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Yuan, Kristy; Kasner, Scott Eric (2018). "Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: diagnosis and updates in secondary stroke prevention". Stroke and Vascular Neurology. 3 (2): 84–91. doi:10.1136/svn-2018-000173. ISSN 2059-8688.
- ↑ Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ, Tatineni S, Gomez CR (1991). "Superiority of transesophageal echocardiography in detecting cardiac source of embolism in patients with cerebral ischemia of uncertain etiology". J Am Coll Cardiol. 17 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(91)90705-e. PMID 1987242.
- ↑ Mojadidi MK, Winoker JS, Roberts SC, Msaouel P, Zaman MO, Gevorgyan R; et al. (2014). "Accuracy of conventional transthoracic echocardiography for the diagnosis of intracardiac right-to-left shunt: a meta-analysis of prospective studies". Echocardiography. 31 (9): 1036–48. doi:10.1111/echo.12583. PMID 24689727.
- ↑ Gafoor, Sameer; Sharma, Rahul; Zhang, Ming; Casterella, Peter; Atianzar, Kimberly (2017). "Update on the Management of Patent Foramen Ovale in 2017: Indication for Closure and Literature Review". US Cardiology Review. 11 (2): 75. doi:10.15420/usc.2017:18:1. ISSN 1758-3896.
- ↑ Zito C, Dattilo G, Oreto G, Di Bella G, Lamari A, Iudicello R; et al. (2009). "Patent foramen ovale: comparison among diagnostic strategies in cryptogenic stroke and migraine". Echocardiography. 26 (5): 495–503. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00852.x. PMID 19452605.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mojadidi MK, Roberts SC, Winoker JS, Romero J, Goodman-Meza D, Gevorgyan R; et al. (2014). "Accuracy of transcranial Doppler for the diagnosis of intracardiac right-to-left shunt: a bivariate meta-analysis of prospective studies". JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 7 (3): 236–50. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.12.011. PMID 24560213.