Premature ventricular contraction other diagnostic studies: Difference between revisions

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|bgcolor="LightCoral" |<nowiki></nowiki> '''1.'''  In patients who meet criteria for ICD implantation, an electrophysiological study for the sole reason of inducing VA is not indicated for risk stratification ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''.<ref name="BardyLee2005">{{cite journal|last1=Bardy|first1=Gust H.|last2=Lee|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Mark|first3=Daniel B.|last4=Poole|first4=Jeanne E.|last5=Packer|first5=Douglas L.|last6=Boineau|first6=Robin|last7=Domanski|first7=Michael|last8=Troutman|first8=Charles|last9=Anderson|first9=Jill|last10=Johnson|first10=George|last11=McNulty|first11=Steven E.|last12=Clapp-Channing|first12=Nancy|last13=Davidson-Ray|first13=Linda D.|last14=Fraulo|first14=Elizabeth S.|last15=Fishbein|first15=Daniel P.|last16=Luceri|first16=Richard M.|last17=Ip|first17=John H.|title=Amiodarone or an Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator for Congestive Heart Failure|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=3|year=2005|pages=225–237|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa043399}}</ref><ref name="BuxtonLee1999">{{cite journal|last1=Buxton|first1=Alfred E.|last2=Lee|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Fisher|first3=John D.|last4=Josephson|first4=Mark E.|last5=Prystowsky|first5=Eric N.|last6=Hafley|first6=Gail|title=A Randomized Study of the Prevention of Sudden Death in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=341|issue=25|year=1999|pages=1882–1890|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199912163412503}}</ref><ref name="MossHall1996">{{cite journal|last1=Moss|first1=Arthur J.|last2=Hall|first2=W. Jackson|last3=Cannom|first3=David S.|last4=Daubert|first4=James P.|last5=Higgins|first5=Steven L.|last6=Klein|first6=Helmut|last7=Levine|first7=Joseph H.|last8=Saksena|first8=Sanjeev|last9=Waldo|first9=Albert L.|last10=Wilber|first10=David|last11=Brown|first11=Mary W.|last12=Heo|first12=Moonseong|title=Improved Survival with an Implanted Defibrillator in Patients with Coronary Disease at High Risk for Ventricular Arrhythmia|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=335|issue=26|year=1996|pages=1933–1940|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199612263352601}}</ref><ref name="MossZareba2002">{{cite journal|last1=Moss|first1=Arthur J.|last2=Zareba|first2=Wojciech|last3=Hall|first3=W. Jackson|last4=Klein|first4=Helmut|last5=Wilber|first5=David J.|last6=Cannom|first6=David S.|last7=Daubert|first7=James P.|last8=Higgins|first8=Steven L.|last9=Brown|first9=Mary W.|last10=Andrews|first10=Mark L.|title=Prophylactic Implantation of a Defibrillator in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Reduced Ejection Fraction|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=346|issue=12|year=2002|pages=877–883|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa013474}}</ref>
|bgcolor="LightCoral" |<nowiki></nowiki> '''1.'''  In patients who meet criteria for ICD implantation, an electrophysiological study for the sole reason of inducing VA is not indicated for risk stratification ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''.<ref name="BardyLee2005">{{cite journal|last1=Bardy|first1=Gust H.|last2=Lee|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Mark|first3=Daniel B.|last4=Poole|first4=Jeanne E.|last5=Packer|first5=Douglas L.|last6=Boineau|first6=Robin|last7=Domanski|first7=Michael|last8=Troutman|first8=Charles|last9=Anderson|first9=Jill|last10=Johnson|first10=George|last11=McNulty|first11=Steven E.|last12=Clapp-Channing|first12=Nancy|last13=Davidson-Ray|first13=Linda D.|last14=Fraulo|first14=Elizabeth S.|last15=Fishbein|first15=Daniel P.|last16=Luceri|first16=Richard M.|last17=Ip|first17=John H.|title=Amiodarone or an Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator for Congestive Heart Failure|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=352|issue=3|year=2005|pages=225–237|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa043399}}</ref><ref name="BuxtonLee1999">{{cite journal|last1=Buxton|first1=Alfred E.|last2=Lee|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Fisher|first3=John D.|last4=Josephson|first4=Mark E.|last5=Prystowsky|first5=Eric N.|last6=Hafley|first6=Gail|title=A Randomized Study of the Prevention of Sudden Death in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=341|issue=25|year=1999|pages=1882–1890|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199912163412503}}</ref><ref name="MossHall1996">{{cite journal|last1=Moss|first1=Arthur J.|last2=Hall|first2=W. Jackson|last3=Cannom|first3=David S.|last4=Daubert|first4=James P.|last5=Higgins|first5=Steven L.|last6=Klein|first6=Helmut|last7=Levine|first7=Joseph H.|last8=Saksena|first8=Sanjeev|last9=Waldo|first9=Albert L.|last10=Wilber|first10=David|last11=Brown|first11=Mary W.|last12=Heo|first12=Moonseong|title=Improved Survival with an Implanted Defibrillator in Patients with Coronary Disease at High Risk for Ventricular Arrhythmia|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=335|issue=26|year=1996|pages=1933–1940|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199612263352601}}</ref><ref name="MossZareba2002">{{cite journal|last1=Moss|first1=Arthur J.|last2=Zareba|first2=Wojciech|last3=Hall|first3=W. Jackson|last4=Klein|first4=Helmut|last5=Wilber|first5=David J.|last6=Cannom|first6=David S.|last7=Daubert|first7=James P.|last8=Higgins|first8=Steven L.|last9=Brown|first9=Mary W.|last10=Andrews|first10=Mark L.|title=Prophylactic Implantation of a Defibrillator in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Reduced Ejection Fraction|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=346|issue=12|year=2002|pages=877–883|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa013474}}</ref>
'''2.''' An electrophysiological study is not recommended for risk stratification for VA in the setting of long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, short QT syndrome, or early repolarization syndromes''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''.<ref name="BhandariShapiro1985">{{cite journal|last1=Bhandari|first1=A K|last2=Shapiro|first2=W A|last3=Morady|first3=F|last4=Shen|first4=E N|last5=Mason|first5=J|last6=Scheinman|first6=M M|title=Electrophysiologic testing in patients with the long QT syndrome.|journal=Circulation|volume=71|issue=1|year=1985|pages=63–71|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.71.1.63}}</ref><ref name="GiustettoDi Monte2006">{{cite journal|last1=Giustetto|first1=C.|last2=Di Monte|first2=F.|last3=Wolpert|first3=C.|last4=Borggrefe|first4=M.|last5=Schimpf|first5=R.|last6=Sbragia|first6=P.|last7=Leone|first7=G.|last8=Maury|first8=P.|last9=Anttonen|first9=O.|last10=Haissaguerre|first10=M.|last11=Gaita|first11=F.|title=Short QT syndrome: clinical findings and diagnostic-therapeutic implications|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=27|issue=20|year=2006|pages=2440–2447|issn=0195-668X|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl185}}</ref><ref name="GiustettoSchimpf2011">{{cite journal|last1=Giustetto|first1=Carla|last2=Schimpf|first2=Rainer|last3=Mazzanti|first3=Andrea|last4=Scrocco|first4=Chiara|last5=Maury|first5=Philippe|last6=Anttonen|first6=Olli|last7=Probst|first7=Vincent|last8=Blanc|first8=Jean-Jacques|last9=Sbragia|first9=Pascal|last10=Dalmasso|first10=Paola|last11=Borggrefe|first11=Martin|last12=Gaita|first12=Fiorenzo|title=Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Short QT Syndrome|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=58|issue=6|year=2011|pages=587–595|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.038}}</ref>
'''2.''' An electrophysiological study is not recommended for risk stratification for VA in the setting of long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, short QT syndrome, or early repolarization syndromes''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B-R]])''.<ref name="BhandariShapiro1985">{{cite journal|last1=Bhandari|first1=A K|last2=Shapiro|first2=W A|last3=Morady|first3=F|last4=Shen|first4=E N|last5=Mason|first5=J|last6=Scheinman|first6=M M|title=Electrophysiologic testing in patients with the long QT syndrome.|journal=Circulation|volume=71|issue=1|year=1985|pages=63–71|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.71.1.63}}</ref><ref name="GiustettoDi Monte2006">{{cite journal|last1=Giustetto|first1=C.|last2=Di Monte|first2=F.|last3=Wolpert|first3=C.|last4=Borggrefe|first4=M.|last5=Schimpf|first5=R.|last6=Sbragia|first6=P.|last7=Leone|first7=G.|last8=Maury|first8=P.|last9=Anttonen|first9=O.|last10=Haissaguerre|first10=M.|last11=Gaita|first11=F.|title=Short QT syndrome: clinical findings and diagnostic-therapeutic implications|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=27|issue=20|year=2006|pages=2440–2447|issn=0195-668X|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehl185}}</ref><ref name="GiustettoSchimpf2011">{{cite journal|last1=Giustetto|first1=Carla|last2=Schimpf|first2=Rainer|last3=Mazzanti|first3=Andrea|last4=Scrocco|first4=Chiara|last5=Maury|first5=Philippe|last6=Anttonen|first6=Olli|last7=Probst|first7=Vincent|last8=Blanc|first8=Jean-Jacques|last9=Sbragia|first9=Pascal|last10=Dalmasso|first10=Paola|last11=Borggrefe|first11=Martin|last12=Gaita|first12=Fiorenzo|title=Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Short QT Syndrome|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=58|issue=6|year=2011|pages=587–595|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.038}}</ref><ref name="MahidaDerval2015">{{cite journal|last1=Mahida|first1=Saagar|last2=Derval|first2=Nicolas|last3=Sacher|first3=Frederic|last4=Leenhardt|first4=Antoine|last5=Deisenhofer|first5=Isabel|last6=Babuty|first6=Dominique|last7=Schläpfer|first7=Jürg|last8=de Roy|first8=Luc|last9=Frank|first9=Robert|last10=Yli-Mayry|first10=Sinikka|last11=Mabo|first11=Philippe|last12=Rostock|first12=Thomas|last13=Nogami|first13=Akihiko|last14=Pasquié|first14=Jean-Luc|last15=de Chillou|first15=Christian|last16=Kautzner|first16=Josef|last17=Jesel|first17=Laurence|last18=Maury|first18=Philippe|last19=Berte|first19=Benjamin|last20=Yamashita|first20=Seigo|last21=Roten|first21=Laurent|last22=Lim|first22=Han S.|last23=Denis|first23=Arnaud|last24=Bordachar|first24=Pierre|last25=Ritter|first25=Philippe|last26=Probst|first26=Vincent|last27=Hocini|first27=Mélèze|last28=Jaïs|first28=Pierre|last29=Haïssaguerre|first29=Michel|title=Role of Electrophysiological Studies in Predicting Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Early Repolarization Syndrome|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=65|issue=2|year=2015|pages=151–159|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.043}}</ref><ref name="PrioriNapolitano2002">{{cite journal|last1=Priori|first1=Silvia G.|last2=Napolitano|first2=Carlo|last3=Memmi|first3=Mirella|last4=Colombi|first4=Barbara|last5=Drago|first5=Fabrizio|last6=Gasparini|first6=Maurizio|last7=DeSimone|first7=Luciano|last8=Coltorti|first8=Fernando|last9=Bloise|first9=Raffaella|last10=Keegan|first10=Roberto|last11=Cruz Filho|first11=Fernando E.S.|last12=Vignati|first12=Gabriele|last13=Benatar|first13=Abraham|last14=DeLogu|first14=Angelica|title=Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Patients With Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia|journal=Circulation|volume=106|issue=1|year=2002|pages=69–74|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000020013.73106.D8}}</ref>''<nowiki/>''
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Revision as of 21:16, 21 April 2020

Premature ventricular contraction Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Homa Najafi, M.D.[2]

Overview

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include:

  • [Finding 1]
  • [Finding 2]
  • [Finding 3]

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include:

  • [Diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates:
    • [Finding 1]
    • [Finding 2]
    • [Finding 3]
  • [Diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates:
    • [Finding 1]
    • [Finding 2]
    • [Finding 3]

2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Recommendations for Electrophysiological Study

Class IIa
1. In patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, NICM, or adult congenital heart disease who have syncope or other VA symptoms and who do not meet indications for a primary prevention ICD, an electrophysiological study can be useful for assessing the risk of sustained VT (Level of Evidence: B-R).[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Class III
1. In patients who meet criteria for ICD implantation, an electrophysiological study for the sole reason of inducing VA is not indicated for risk stratification (Level of Evidence: B-R).[9][10][11][12]

2. An electrophysiological study is not recommended for risk stratification for VA in the setting of long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, short QT syndrome, or early repolarization syndromes(Level of Evidence: B-R).[13][14][15][16][17]

References

  1. ↑ Al-Khatib, Sana M.; Stevenson, William G.; Ackerman, Michael J.; Bryant, William J.; Callans, David J.; Curtis, Anne B.; Deal, Barbara J.; Dickfeld, Timm; Field, Michael E.; Fonarow, Gregg C.; Gillis, Anne M.; Granger, Christopher B.; Hammill, Stephen C.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Joglar, José A.; Kay, G. Neal; Matlock, Daniel D.; Myerburg, Robert J.; Page, Richard L. (2018). "2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death". Circulation. 138 (13). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549. ISSN 0009-7322.
  2. ↑ Buxton, Alfred E.; Lee, Kerry L.; DiCarlo, Lorenzo; Gold, Michael R.; Greer, G. Stephen; Prystowsky, Eric N.; O'Toole, Michael F.; Tang, Anthony; Fisher, John D.; Coromilas, James; Talajic, Mario; Hafley, Gail (2000). "Electrophysiologic Testing to Identify Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Who Are at Risk for Sudden Death". New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (26): 1937–1945. doi:10.1056/NEJM200006293422602. ISSN 0028-4793.
  3. ↑ Buxton, Alfred E.; Lee, Kerry L.; Hafley, Gail E.; Wyse, D. George; Fisher, John D.; Lehmann, Michael H.; Pires, Luis A.; Gold, Michael R.; Packer, Douglas L.; Josephson, Mark E.; Prystowsky, Eric N.; Talajic, Mario R. (2002). "Relation of Ejection Fraction and Inducible Ventricular Tachycardia to Mode of Death in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease". Circulation. 106 (19): 2466–2472. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000037224.15873.83. ISSN 0009-7322.
  4. ↑ Costantini, Otto; Hohnloser, Stefan H.; Kirk, Malcolm M.; Lerman, Bruce B.; Baker, James H.; Sethuraman, Barathi; Dettmer, Mary M.; Rosenbaum, David S. (2009). "The ABCD (Alternans Before Cardioverter Defibrillator) Trial". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 53 (6): 471–479. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.077. ISSN 0735-1097.
  5. ↑ Bourke, John P.; Richards, David A.B.; Ross, David L.; Wallace, Elizabeth M.; McGuire, Mark A.; Uther, John B. (1991). "Routine programmed electrical stimulation in survivors of acute myocardial infarction for prediction of spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias during follow-up: Results, optimal stimulation protocol and cost-effective screening". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 18 (3): 780–788. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(91)90802-G. ISSN 0735-1097.
  6. ↑ Schmitt, Claus; Barthel, Petra; Ndrepepa, Gjin; Schreieck, Jürgen; Plewan, Andreas; Schömig, A; Schmidt, Georg (2001). "Value of programmed ventricular stimulation for prophylactic internal cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in postinfarction patients preselected by noninvasive risk stratifiers". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 37 (7): 1901–1907. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01246-3. ISSN 0735-1097.
  7. ↑ Bailey, James J; Berson, Alan S; Handelsman, Harry; Hodges, Morrison (2001). "Utility of current risk stratification tests for predicting major arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 38 (7): 1902–1911. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01667-9. ISSN 0735-1097.
  8. ↑ Hilfiker, Gabriela (2015). "Utility of electrophysiological studies to predict arrhythmic events". World Journal of Cardiology. 7 (6): 344. doi:10.4330/wjc.v7.i6.344. ISSN 1949-8462.
  9. ↑ Bardy, Gust H.; Lee, Kerry L.; Mark, Daniel B.; Poole, Jeanne E.; Packer, Douglas L.; Boineau, Robin; Domanski, Michael; Troutman, Charles; Anderson, Jill; Johnson, George; McNulty, Steven E.; Clapp-Channing, Nancy; Davidson-Ray, Linda D.; Fraulo, Elizabeth S.; Fishbein, Daniel P.; Luceri, Richard M.; Ip, John H. (2005). "Amiodarone or an Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator for Congestive Heart Failure". New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (3): 225–237. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043399. ISSN 0028-4793.
  10. ↑ Buxton, Alfred E.; Lee, Kerry L.; Fisher, John D.; Josephson, Mark E.; Prystowsky, Eric N.; Hafley, Gail (1999). "A Randomized Study of the Prevention of Sudden Death in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 341 (25): 1882–1890. doi:10.1056/NEJM199912163412503. ISSN 0028-4793.
  11. ↑ Moss, Arthur J.; Hall, W. Jackson; Cannom, David S.; Daubert, James P.; Higgins, Steven L.; Klein, Helmut; Levine, Joseph H.; Saksena, Sanjeev; Waldo, Albert L.; Wilber, David; Brown, Mary W.; Heo, Moonseong (1996). "Improved Survival with an Implanted Defibrillator in Patients with Coronary Disease at High Risk for Ventricular Arrhythmia". New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (26): 1933–1940. doi:10.1056/NEJM199612263352601. ISSN 0028-4793.
  12. ↑ Moss, Arthur J.; Zareba, Wojciech; Hall, W. Jackson; Klein, Helmut; Wilber, David J.; Cannom, David S.; Daubert, James P.; Higgins, Steven L.; Brown, Mary W.; Andrews, Mark L. (2002). "Prophylactic Implantation of a Defibrillator in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Reduced Ejection Fraction". New England Journal of Medicine. 346 (12): 877–883. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013474. ISSN 0028-4793.
  13. ↑ Bhandari, A K; Shapiro, W A; Morady, F; Shen, E N; Mason, J; Scheinman, M M (1985). "Electrophysiologic testing in patients with the long QT syndrome". Circulation. 71 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.71.1.63. ISSN 0009-7322.
  14. ↑ Giustetto, C.; Di Monte, F.; Wolpert, C.; Borggrefe, M.; Schimpf, R.; Sbragia, P.; Leone, G.; Maury, P.; Anttonen, O.; Haissaguerre, M.; Gaita, F. (2006). "Short QT syndrome: clinical findings and diagnostic-therapeutic implications". European Heart Journal. 27 (20): 2440–2447. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl185. ISSN 0195-668X.
  15. ↑ Giustetto, Carla; Schimpf, Rainer; Mazzanti, Andrea; Scrocco, Chiara; Maury, Philippe; Anttonen, Olli; Probst, Vincent; Blanc, Jean-Jacques; Sbragia, Pascal; Dalmasso, Paola; Borggrefe, Martin; Gaita, Fiorenzo (2011). "Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Short QT Syndrome". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 58 (6): 587–595. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.03.038. ISSN 0735-1097.
  16. ↑ Mahida, Saagar; Derval, Nicolas; Sacher, Frederic; Leenhardt, Antoine; Deisenhofer, Isabel; Babuty, Dominique; Schläpfer, Jürg; de Roy, Luc; Frank, Robert; Yli-Mayry, Sinikka; Mabo, Philippe; Rostock, Thomas; Nogami, Akihiko; Pasquié, Jean-Luc; de Chillou, Christian; Kautzner, Josef; Jesel, Laurence; Maury, Philippe; Berte, Benjamin; Yamashita, Seigo; Roten, Laurent; Lim, Han S.; Denis, Arnaud; Bordachar, Pierre; Ritter, Philippe; Probst, Vincent; Hocini, Mélèze; Jaïs, Pierre; Haïssaguerre, Michel (2015). "Role of Electrophysiological Studies in Predicting Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Early Repolarization Syndrome". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 65 (2): 151–159. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.10.043. ISSN 0735-1097.
  17. ↑ Priori, Silvia G.; Napolitano, Carlo; Memmi, Mirella; Colombi, Barbara; Drago, Fabrizio; Gasparini, Maurizio; DeSimone, Luciano; Coltorti, Fernando; Bloise, Raffaella; Keegan, Roberto; Cruz Filho, Fernando E.S.; Vignati, Gabriele; Benatar, Abraham; DeLogu, Angelica (2002). "Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Patients With Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia". Circulation. 106 (1): 69–74. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000020013.73106.D8. ISSN 0009-7322.

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