Brachial plexus: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
Amandeep Singh (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha, Widget editors
3,511 edits
No edit summary
Amandeep Singh (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha, Widget editors
3,511 edits
Line 30: Line 30:
==Anatomy==
==Anatomy==
===Path===
===Path===
One can remember the order of brachial plexus elements by way of the mnemonic, "'''R'''ead '''T'''he '''D'''amn '''C'''adaver '''B'''ook" - '''R'''oots, '''T'''runks, '''D'''ivisions, '''C'''ords, '''B'''ranches<ref>{{MedicalMnemonics|18|2741||}}</ref> or - Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Collateral/Pre-terminal Branches, and (Terminal) Branches.
One can remember the order of brachial plexus elements by way of the mnemonic, "'''R'''ead '''T'''he '''D'''amn '''C'''adaver '''B'''ook" - '''R'''oots, '''T'''runks, '''D'''ivisions, '''C'''ords, '''B'''ranches or - Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Collateral/Pre-terminal Branches, and (Terminal) Branches.


* The five '''roots''' are the five [[anterior rami]] of the [[spinal nerve]]s, after they have given off their segmental supply to the muscles of the [[neck]].  
* The five '''roots''' are the five [[anterior rami]] of the [[spinal nerve]]s, after they have given off their segmental supply to the muscles of the [[neck]].  


* These roots merge to form three '''trunks''':  
* These roots merge to form three '''trunks''':  
** "superior"<ref>{{Dorlands|t_20|12826113}}</ref> or "upper" (C5-C6)
** "superior" or "upper" (C5-C6)
** "middle"<ref>{{Dorlands|t_20|12826075}}</ref> (C7)
** "middle" (C7)
** "inferior"<ref>{{Dorlands|t_20|12826025}}</ref> or "lower" (C8-T1)
** "inferior" or "lower" (C8-T1)


* Each trunk then splits in two, to form six '''divisions''':
* Each trunk then splits in two, to form six '''divisions''':
** anterior division<ref>{{Dorlands|d_26|12310223}}</ref> of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks
** anterior division of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks
** posterior division<ref>{{Dorlands|d_26|12310244}}</ref> of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks
** posterior division of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks


* These six divisions will regroup to become the three '''cords'''. The cords are named by their position in respect to the [[axillary artery]].
* These six divisions will regroup to become the three '''cords'''. The cords are named by their position in respect to the [[axillary artery]].
Line 58: Line 58:
|-  
|-  
| '''From''' || '''Nerve''' || '''Roots''' || '''Muscles''' || '''[[Cutaneous innervation|Cutaneous]]'''
| '''From''' || '''Nerve''' || '''Roots''' || '''Muscles''' || '''[[Cutaneous innervation|Cutaneous]]'''
|Diseases associated
|-  
|-  
| roots || ''[[dorsal scapular nerve]]''  || C5 || [[rhomboid muscle]]s and [[levator scapulae]] || -
| roots || ''[[dorsal scapular nerve]]''  || C5 || [[rhomboid muscle]]s and [[levator scapulae]] || -
|
|-  
|-  
| roots || ''[[long thoracic nerve]]''  || C5, C6, C7 ||  [[serratus anterior]] || -
| roots || ''[[long thoracic nerve]]''  || C5, C6, C7 ||  [[serratus anterior]] || -
|
|-  
|-  
| superior trunk || ''[[nerve to the subclavius]]''  || C5, C6 || [[subclavius muscle]] || -
| superior trunk || ''[[nerve to the subclavius]]''  || C5, C6 || [[subclavius muscle]] || -
|
|-  
|-  
| superior trunk || ''[[suprascapular nerve]]''  || C5, C6 || [[supraspinatus]] and [[infraspinatus]] || -
| superior trunk || ''[[suprascapular nerve]]''  || C5, C6 || [[supraspinatus]] and [[infraspinatus]] || -
|
|-  
|-  
| lateral cord || [[lateral pectoral nerve]]  || C5, C6, C7 || [[pectoralis major]] (by communicating with the [[medial pectoral nerve]]) || -
| lateral cord || [[lateral pectoral nerve]]  || C5, C6, C7 || [[pectoralis major]] (by communicating with the [[medial pectoral nerve]]) || -
|
|-  
|-  
| lateral cord || '''[[musculocutaneous nerve]]'''  || C5, C6, C7 || [[coracobrachialis]], [[brachialis]] and [[biceps brachii]] || becomes the [[lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm]]
| lateral cord || '''[[musculocutaneous nerve]]'''  || C5, C6, C7 || [[coracobrachialis]], [[brachialis]] and [[biceps brachii]] || becomes the [[lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm]]
|
|-  
|-  
| lateral cord || '''lateral root of the [[median nerve]]'''  || C5, C6, C7 || fibres to the median nerve || -
| lateral cord || '''lateral root of the [[median nerve]]'''  || C5, C6, C7 || fibres to the median nerve || -
|
|-  
|-  
| posterior cord || [[upper subscapular nerve]]  || C5, C6 || [[subscapularis]] (upper part) || -
| posterior cord || [[upper subscapular nerve]]  || C5, C6 || [[subscapularis]] (upper part) || -
|
|-  
|-  
| posterior cord || [[thoracodorsal nerve]]  || C6, C7, C8 || [[latissimus dorsi]] || -
| posterior cord || [[thoracodorsal nerve]]  || C6, C7, C8 || [[latissimus dorsi]] || -
|
|-  
|-  
| posterior cord || [[lower subscapular nerve]]  || C5, C6 || subscapularis (lower part) and [[teres major]] || -
| posterior cord || [[lower subscapular nerve]]  || C5, C6 || subscapularis (lower part) and [[teres major]] || -
|
|-  
|-  
| posterior cord || '''[[axillary nerve]]'''  || C5, C6 || ''anterior branch:''  [[deltoid]] and a small area of overlying skin<BR> ''posterior branch:'' [[teres minor]] and deltoid muscles || posterior branch becomes [[upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm]]
| posterior cord || '''[[axillary nerve]]'''  || C5, C6 || ''anterior branch:''  [[deltoid]] and a small area of overlying skin<BR> ''posterior branch:'' [[teres minor]] and deltoid muscles || posterior branch becomes [[upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm]]
|
|-  
|-  
| posterior cord || '''[[radial nerve]]'''  || C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 || [[triceps]] brachii, [[supinator]], [[anconeus]], the [[extensor muscle]]s of the [[forearm]], and [[brachioradialis]]  || skin of the posterior arm as the [[posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm]]
| posterior cord || '''[[radial nerve]]'''  || C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 || [[triceps]] brachii, [[supinator]], [[anconeus]], the [[extensor muscle]]s of the [[forearm]], and [[brachioradialis]]  || skin of the posterior arm as the [[posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm]]
|
|-  
|-  
| medial cord || [[medial pectoral nerve]]  || C8, T1 || [[pectoralis major]] and [[pectoralis minor]]  || -
| medial cord || [[medial pectoral nerve]]  || C8, T1 || [[pectoralis major]] and [[pectoralis minor]]  || -
|
|-  
|-  
| medial cord || '''medial root of the [[median nerve]]'''  || C8, T1 || fibres to the median nerve  || portions of hand not served by ulnar or radial
| medial cord || '''medial root of the [[median nerve]]'''  || C8, T1 || fibres to the median nerve  || portions of hand not served by ulnar or radial
|
|-  
|-  
| medial cord || [[medial cutaneous nerve of the arm]]  || C8, T1 || - || front and medial skin of the [[arm]]
| medial cord || [[medial cutaneous nerve of the arm]]  || C8, T1 || - || front and medial skin of the [[arm]]
|
|-  
|-  
| medial cord || [[medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm]]  || C8, T1 || - || medial skin of the forearm
| medial cord || [[medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm]]  || C8, T1 || - || medial skin of the forearm
|
|-  
|-  
| medial cord || '''[[ulnar nerve]]'''  || C8, T1 || [[flexor carpi ulnaris]], the medial 2 bellies of [[flexor digitorum profundus]], most of the small muscles of the [[hand]] || the skin of the medial side of the hand and medial one and a half fingers on the palmar side and medial two and a half fingers on the dorsal side  
| medial cord || '''[[ulnar nerve]]'''  || C8, T1 || [[flexor carpi ulnaris]], the medial 2 bellies of [[flexor digitorum profundus]], most of the small muscles of the [[hand]] || the skin of the medial side of the hand and medial one and a half fingers on the palmar side and medial two and a half fingers on the dorsal side  
|
|}
|}


Line 111: Line 129:


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references />
<br>
<br>


Revision as of 18:24, 4 June 2020

Template:Infobox Nerve Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

WikiDoc Resources for Brachial plexus

Articles

Most recent articles on Brachial plexus

Most cited articles on Brachial plexus

Review articles on Brachial plexus

Articles on Brachial plexus in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Brachial plexus

Images of Brachial plexus

Photos of Brachial plexus

Podcasts & MP3s on Brachial plexus

Videos on Brachial plexus

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Brachial plexus

Bandolier on Brachial plexus

TRIP on Brachial plexus

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Brachial plexus at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Brachial plexus

Clinical Trials on Brachial plexus at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Brachial plexus

NICE Guidance on Brachial plexus

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Brachial plexus

CDC on Brachial plexus

Books

Books on Brachial plexus

News

Brachial plexus in the news

Be alerted to news on Brachial plexus

News trends on Brachial plexus

Commentary

Blogs on Brachial plexus

Definitions

Definitions of Brachial plexus

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Brachial plexus

Discussion groups on Brachial plexus

Patient Handouts on Brachial plexus

Directions to Hospitals Treating Brachial plexus

Risk calculators and risk factors for Brachial plexus

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Brachial plexus

Causes & Risk Factors for Brachial plexus

Diagnostic studies for Brachial plexus

Treatment of Brachial plexus

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Brachial plexus

International

Brachial plexus en Espanol

Brachial plexus en Francais

Business

Brachial plexus in the Marketplace

Patents on Brachial plexus

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Brachial plexus

Overview

The brachial plexus is an arrangement of nerve fibres, running from the spine, specifically from above the fifth cervical vertebra to underneath the first thoracic vertebra (C5-T1). It proceeds through the neck, the axilla (armpit region) and into the arm.

Function

  • The brachial plexus is responsible for cutaneous and muscular innervation of the entire upper limb, with two exceptions: the trapezius muscle innervated by the spinal accessory nerve and an area of skin near the axilla innervated by the intercostobrachialis nerve.
  • This function may be impaired by tumor growth of the Apical region of either Lung.
  • Therefore, brachial plexus lesions can lead to severe functional impairment.

Anatomy

Path

One can remember the order of brachial plexus elements by way of the mnemonic, "Read The Damn Cadaver Book" - Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches or - Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Collateral/Pre-terminal Branches, and (Terminal) Branches.

  • These roots merge to form three trunks:
    • "superior" or "upper" (C5-C6)
    • "middle" (C7)
    • "inferior" or "lower" (C8-T1)
  • Each trunk then splits in two, to form six divisions:
    • anterior division of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks
    • posterior division of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks
  • These six divisions will regroup to become the three cords. The cords are named by their position in respect to the axillary artery.
    • The posterior cord is formed from the three posterior divisions of the trunks (C5-T1)
    • The lateral cord is the anterior divisions from the upper and middle trunks (C5-C7)
    • The medial cord is simply a continuation of the lower trunk (C8-T1)
  • The branches are listed below. Most branch off of the cords, but a few branch (indicated in italics) directly off of earlier structures. The five in bold are considered "terminal branches".

Diagram

Specific branches

From Nerve Roots Muscles Cutaneous Diseases associated
roots dorsal scapular nerve C5 rhomboid muscles and levator scapulae -
roots long thoracic nerve C5, C6, C7 serratus anterior -
superior trunk nerve to the subclavius C5, C6 subclavius muscle -
superior trunk suprascapular nerve C5, C6 supraspinatus and infraspinatus -
lateral cord lateral pectoral nerve C5, C6, C7 pectoralis major (by communicating with the medial pectoral nerve) -
lateral cord musculocutaneous nerve C5, C6, C7 coracobrachialis, brachialis and biceps brachii becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
lateral cord lateral root of the median nerve C5, C6, C7 fibres to the median nerve -
posterior cord upper subscapular nerve C5, C6 subscapularis (upper part) -
posterior cord thoracodorsal nerve C6, C7, C8 latissimus dorsi -
posterior cord lower subscapular nerve C5, C6 subscapularis (lower part) and teres major -
posterior cord axillary nerve C5, C6 anterior branch: deltoid and a small area of overlying skin
posterior branch: teres minor and deltoid muscles		 posterior branch becomes upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
posterior cord radial nerve C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 triceps brachii, supinator, anconeus, the extensor muscles of the forearm, and brachioradialis skin of the posterior arm as the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm
medial cord medial pectoral nerve C8, T1 pectoralis major and pectoralis minor -
medial cord medial root of the median nerve C8, T1 fibres to the median nerve portions of hand not served by ulnar or radial
medial cord medial cutaneous nerve of the arm C8, T1 - front and medial skin of the arm
medial cord medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm C8, T1 - medial skin of the forearm
medial cord ulnar nerve C8, T1 flexor carpi ulnaris, the medial 2 bellies of flexor digitorum profundus, most of the small muscles of the hand the skin of the medial side of the hand and medial one and a half fingers on the palmar side and medial two and a half fingers on the dorsal side

Additional images

Brachial plexus with areas of roots, truncs, divisions and cords marked.
  • Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
    Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
  • The axillary artery and its branches.
    The axillary artery and its branches.
  • Cutaneous nerves of right upper extremity. Posterior view.
    Cutaneous nerves of right upper extremity. Posterior view.
  • Diagram of segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right upper extremity. Posterior view.
    Diagram of segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right upper extremity. Posterior view.
  • The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.
    The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.
  • Side of neck, showing chief surface markings.
    Side of neck, showing chief surface markings.

See also

References


External links

Template:Spinal nerves Template:Brachial plexus


de:Plexus brachialis hr:Ručni splet id:Plexus brachialis he:מקלעת הזרוע no:Plexus brachialis sv:Plexus brachialis


Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Brachial_plexus&oldid=1610758"