|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| | | Diarrhea is an uncommon gastrointestinal symptom in patients with COVID-19, but in may be the presenting symptom in few patients. The frequency of occurrence of diarrhea varies between 1%-35%. <ref name="pmid32253163">{{cite journal| author=Li XY, Dai WJ, Wu SN, Yang XZ, Wang HG| title=The occurrence of diarrhea in COVID-19 patients. | journal=Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=32253163 | doi=10.1016/j.clinre.2020.03.017 | pmc=7270575 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32253163 }} </ref>It varies widely between different studies probably due to the different criteria used to define diarrhea. |
| {{SK}} [[Diabetes]]; [[Diabetes insipidus]]; Diabetes insipidus; Congenital nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus; Cranial
| | *SARS-CoV-2 uses the ACE2 receptors for cell entry. These receptors are presently abundantly not only in the lungs but also in the enterocytes of the small intestinal. |
| Diabetes insipidus; nephrogenic
| | * Entry of the virus causes disruption of the enterocytes and may lead to inflammation. |
| Diabetes insipidus; non-nephrogenic
| |
| Diabetes insipidus; renal
| |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1
| |
| | |
| ==Definition==
| |
| Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that results in dysregulation of blood sugar in the body.
| |
| | |
| == Types ==
| |
| | |
| *Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
| |
| *Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
| |
| | |
| ===Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus===
| |
| | |
| * Sudden onset
| |
| * Age: Any age, but mostly young
| |
| * '''[[ketoacidosis]]''' common
| |
| * Endogenous insulin ''low'' or '''''absent'''''
| |
| | |
| === Type 2 Diabetes mellitus===
| |
| | |
| * Gradual onset
| |
| * Age: Mostly adults
| |
| ** May occur in younger individuals
| |
| * Ketoacidosis ''rare''
| |
| * Endogenous insulin may be
| |
| *# normal
| |
| *# increased or
| |
| *# decreased
| |
| | |
| == Symptoms ==
| |
| * [[Diabetes mellitus]] is usually [[asymptomatic]].
| |
| *[[Symptom|Symptoms]] of [[Diabetes]] may include the following:
| |
| :*[[Polyuria]]
| |
| :*[[Polydipsia]]
| |
| :*[[Polyphagia]]
| |
| :*[[Fatigue]]
| |
| | |
| ==Pathophysiology==
| |
| Combination of factors
| |
| *[[Insulin]] deficiency
| |
| *Development of relative insulin resistance <ref name="pmid7555498">{{cite journal| author=Chen KW, Boyko EJ, Bergstrom RW, Leonetti DL, Newell-Morris L, Wahl PW | display-authors=etal| title=Earlier appearance of impaired insulin secretion than of visceral adiposity in the pathogenesis of NIDDM. 5-Year follow-up of initially nondiabetic Japanese-American men. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1995 | volume= 18 | issue= 6 | pages= 747-53 | pmid=7555498 | doi=10.2337/diacare.18.6.747 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7555498 }} </ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Insulin resistance===
| |
| Insulin resistance may be due to an inherent [[genetic]] risk factor. Insulin resistance may become more severe with increasing weight and age. It results in impaired glucose tolerance and overt [[hyperglycemia]]. Overt hyperglycemia may itself result in a toxic effect on beta cells by decreasing insulin [[gene expression]].
| |
| <ref name="pmid9022089">{{cite journal| author=Moran A, Zhang HJ, Olson LK, Harmon JS, Poitout V, Robertson RP| title=Differentiation of glucose toxicity from beta cell exhaustion during the evolution of defective insulin gene expression in the pancreatic islet cell line, HIT-T15. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 1997 | volume= 99 | issue= 3 | pages= 534-9 | pmid=9022089 | doi=10.1172/JCI119190 | pmc=507829 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9022089 }} </ref>
| |
Diarrhea is an uncommon gastrointestinal symptom in patients with COVID-19, but in may be the presenting symptom in few patients. The frequency of occurrence of diarrhea varies between 1%-35%. [1]It varies widely between different studies probably due to the different criteria used to define diarrhea.
- SARS-CoV-2 uses the ACE2 receptors for cell entry. These receptors are presently abundantly not only in the lungs but also in the enterocytes of the small intestinal.
- Entry of the virus causes disruption of the enterocytes and may lead to inflammation.