Sandbox:Rana

Gunecology content

• Female Reproductive Anatomy
• Gynecologic Procedures
• Pelvic Organ Prolapse
• Vaginal Prolapse
• Urinary Incontinence
• Vaginal Discharge
• Vulvar Diseases
• Cervical Lesions
• Cervical Neoplasia
• Müllerian Anomalies
• Enlarged Uterus
• Endometrial Neoplasia
• Physiologic Enlargement
• Prepubertal Pelvic Mass
• STDs with Ulcers
• STDs without Ulcers
• Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Intrauterine Contraception
• Long-Acting Reversible Contraception
• Natural Family Planning
• Periodic Abstinence
• Coitus Interruptus
• Vaginal Douche
• Lactation
• Sterilization
• Sexual Dysfunction
• Sexual Assault
• Menstrual Physiology
• Premenarchal Vaginal Bleeding
• Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
• Primary Amenorrhea
• Secondary Amenorrhea
• Precocious Puberty
• Premenstrual Disorders
• Hirsutism
• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
• Infertility
• Menopause
• Normal Breast Development
• Benign Breast Disorders
• Breast Cancer

Obstetric content

• Placental Hormones
• Physiologic Changes in Pregnancy
• Physiology of Lactation
• Embryology and Fetology
• Perinatal Statistics and Terminology
• Genetic Disorders
• Induced Abortion
• Early Pregnancy Bleeding
• Fetal Demise
• Ectopic Pregnancy
• Obstetrical Ultrasound
• Invasive Procedures
• Prenatal Diagnostic Testing
• Diagnosing Pregnancy
• Establishing Gestational Age
• Identifying Prenatal Risk Factors
• Normal Pregnancy Events
• Normal Pregnancy Complaints
• Safe and Unsafe Immunizations
• Prenatal Laboratory Testing
• Late Pregnancy Bleeding
• Perinatal Infections
• Obstetric Complications
• Cervical Insufficiency
• Multiple Gestation
• Alloimmunization
• Preterm Labor
• Premature Rupture of Membranes
• Post-term Pregnancy
• Hypertension in Pregnancy
• Gestational Hypertension
• Preeclampsia
• Preeclampsia with Severe Features
• Eclampsia
• Chronic Hypertension with or without Superimposed
• Preeclampsia
• HELLP Syndrome
• Cardiac Disease
• Thyroid Disease
• Seizure Disorders
• Diabetes
• Anemia
• Liver Disease
• Urinary Tract Infections
• Thrombophilias
• Antiphospholipid Syndrome
• Intrauterine Growth Restriction
• Macrosomia
• Antepartum Fetal Testing
• Nonstress Test
• Amniotic Fluid Assessment
• Biophysical Profile (BPP)
• Contraction Stress Test
• Umbilical Artery Doppler
• Fetal Orientation in Utero
• Normal and Abnormal Labor
• Obstetric Anesthesia
• Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring
• Operative Obstetrics
• Postpartum Physiologic
• Postpartum Contraception and Immunizations
• Postpartum Hemorrhage
• Postpartum Fever

Causes

• The exact cause of a placental abruption may be hard to determine,But some factors may raise a woman's risk for it:

1. History of placental abruption in previous pregnancy
2. Long-term high blood pressure
3. Sudden high blood pressure in pregnant women who had normal blood pressure in the past
4. Heart disease
5. Smoking
6. drugs like Alcohol or cocaine use
7. twins pregnancy or more
8. Being older than 35

• Direct causes are rare, but include:

1. Injury to the belly area (abdomen) from a fall, hit to the abdomen, or automobile accident
2. Sudden loss of uterine volume (can occur with rapid loss of amniotic fluid or after a first twin is delivered)

Placental abruption is an important cause of antenatal haemorrhage; but it is not the most common. Differential diagnoses to consider include:

• Placenta praevia : where the placenta is fully or partially attached to the lower uterine segment.
• Marginal placental bleed : small, partial abruption of the placenta which is large enough to cause revealed bleeding, but not large enough to cause maternal or fetal compromise.
• Vasa praevia: which is extremely rare but devastating condition in which fetal umbilical cord blood vessels cross or run in close to the inner cervical os.
• Uterine rupture : This usually occurs in labour with a history of previous caesarean section or previous uterine surgery such as myomectomy, where the full-thickness disruption of the uterine muscle and overlying serosa.
• Local genital causes:
  • Benign or malignant lesions :e.g. polyps, carcinoma. cervical ectropion (common).
  • Infections : e.g. candida, bacterial vaginosis and chlamydia.