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| __NOTOC__
| | Thank you for your great work! There are only a few comments which may help you to improve the page. |
| {{SI}}
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| {{CMG}}
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| ==Overview==
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| ==Historical Perspective==
| | You could follow abc format greatly |
| *In Italy, for the first time in a 69-year-old patient, who was presented with cardiogenic shock due to COVID-19 infection, myocardial involvement by viral particles was pathologically proved through biopsy. <ref name="TavazziPellegrini2020">{{cite journal|last1=Tavazzi|first1=Guido|last2=Pellegrini|first2=Carlo|last3=Maurelli|first3=Marco|last4=Belliato|first4=Mirko|last5=Sciutti|first5=Fabio|last6=Bottazzi|first6=Andrea|last7=Sepe|first7=Paola Alessandra|last8=Resasco|first8=Tullia|last9=Camporotondo|first9=Rita|last10=Bruno|first10=Raffaele|last11=Baldanti|first11=Fausto|last12=Paolucci|first12=Stefania|last13=Pelenghi|first13=Stefano|last14=Iotti|first14=Giorgio Antonio|last15=Mojoli|first15=Francesco|last16=Arbustini|first16=Eloisa|title=Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID‐19 cardiogenic shock|journal=European Journal of Heart Failure|volume=22|issue=5|year=2020|pages=911–915|issn=1388-9842|doi=10.1002/ejhf.1828}}</ref>
| | I think Dr. Gibson asked us not to make bold any part of the passage, if I am not mistaken. |
| | | Some grammatical mistakes: |
| ==Classification==
| | In historical perspective: |
| There is no specific classification for COVID-19 associated cardiogenic shock.
| | reffered :refereed |
| For more information regarding general classification, see the [[cardiogenic shock classification]].
| | struk down : struck |
| | | centuary: century |
| ==Pathophysiology==
| | blockage of cerebral artery: blockage of a cerebral artery. |
| Two mechanisms are more probable to contribute to cardiogenic shock related to Covid-19:
| | Mao et. al. in his study first reported: Mao et al., in his study,(comma) |
| * Direct invasion of the virus into the cardiomyocytes
| | 214 Covid-19 positive hospitalized patients. with COVID-19 in Wuhan: 214 Covid-19 positive hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan (dot) |
| * Cytokine storm activated by T helper cells (Th1 and Th2) and trigger a systemic hyperinflammatory response.<ref name="SiddiqiMehra2020">{{cite journal|last1=Siddiqi|first1=Hasan K.|last2=Mehra|first2=Mandeep R.|title=COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: A clinical–therapeutic staging proposal|journal=The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation|volume=39|issue=5|year=2020|pages=405–407|issn=10532498|doi=10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012}}</ref> <ref name="YeWang2020">{{cite journal|last1=Ye|first1=Qing|last2=Wang|first2=Bili|last3=Mao|first3=Jianhua|title=The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=80|issue=6|year=2020|pages=607–613|issn=01634453|doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037}}</ref>
| | Yaghi et. al. : Yaghi et al. |
| | | incidence of 0.9% : the incidence of 0.9% |
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| ==Differentiating COVID-19 associated cardiogenic shock from other Diseases==
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| *[[Cardiogenic shock]] related to COVID-19 must be differentiated from other diseases when hemodynamics not changing, such as:
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| :* COVID-19 associated distributive shock | |
| :* COVID-19 associated hypovolemic shock | |
| :* COVID-19 associated mixed (distributive and cardiogenic shock) <ref name="BoukhrisHillani2020">{{cite journal|last1=Boukhris|first1=Marouane|last2=Hillani|first2=Ali|last3=Moroni|first3=Francesco|last4=Annabi|first4=Mohamed Salah|last5=Addad|first5=Faouzi|last6=Ribeiro|first6=Marcelo Harada|last7=Mansour|first7=Samer|last8=Zhao|first8=Xiaohui|last9=Ybarra|first9=Luiz Fernando|last10=Abbate|first10=Antonio|last11=Vilca|first11=Luz Maria|last12=Azzalini|first12=Lorenzo|title=Cardiovascular Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global Perspective|journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology|year=2020|issn=0828282X|doi=10.1016/j.cjca.2020.05.018}}</ref> <ref name="RajagopalKeller2020">{{cite journal|last1=Rajagopal|first1=Keshava|last2=Keller|first2=Steven P.|last3=Akkanti|first3=Bindu|last4=Bime|first4=Christian|last5=Loyalka|first5=Pranav|last6=Cheema|first6=Faisal H.|last7=Zwischenberger|first7=Joseph B.|last8=El Banayosy|first8=Aly|last9=Pappalardo|first9=Federico|last10=Slaughter|first10=Mark S.|last11=Slepian|first11=Marvin J.|title=Advanced Pulmonary and Cardiac Support of COVID-19 Patients|journal=Circulation: Heart Failure|volume=13|issue=5|year=2020|issn=1941-3289|doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007175}}</ref>
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+
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| !
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| !CO
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| !PCWP
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| !SVR
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| !PAD
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| !SVO2
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| |-
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| !Septic shock shock
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| | ↑
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| | ↓
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| | ↓
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| | ↓
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| |↓
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| |-
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| !Hypovolemic shock
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| | ↓
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| | ↓
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| |↑
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| | ↓
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| |↑
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| |-
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| !'''Cardiogenic shock'''
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| | ↓
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| | ↑↔
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| | ↑
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| | ↑
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| |↓
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| |}
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| * The prevalence of cardiogenic shock-associated COVID-19 has not yet been reported.There are several anecdotal reports of cardiogenic shock related to COVID-19:
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| * A 69-year-old patient from Italy has been reported by Tavazzi et al., as a cardiogenic shock-associated COVID-19 case. The patient had flu-like symptoms when he was hospitalized and quickly deteriorated into respiratory distress and cardiogenic shock. <ref name="TavazziPellegrini2020">{{cite journal|last1=Tavazzi|first1=Guido|last2=Pellegrini|first2=Carlo|last3=Maurelli|first3=Marco|last4=Belliato|first4=Mirko|last5=Sciutti|first5=Fabio|last6=Bottazzi|first6=Andrea|last7=Sepe|first7=Paola Alessandra|last8=Resasco|first8=Tullia|last9=Camporotondo|first9=Rita|last10=Bruno|first10=Raffaele|last11=Baldanti|first11=Fausto|last12=Paolucci|first12=Stefania|last13=Pelenghi|first13=Stefano|last14=Iotti|first14=Giorgio Antonio|last15=Mojoli|first15=Francesco|last16=Arbustini|first16=Eloisa|title=Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID‐19 cardiogenic shock|journal=European Journal of Heart Failure|volume=22|issue=5|year=2020|pages=911–915|issn=1388-9842|doi=10.1002/ejhf.1828}}</ref>
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| * Four patients with cardiogenic shock complication related to COVID-19 were reported by Sanchez-Recalde, et al. They were hospitalized between 1 March and 15 April 2020 including:
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| ** A 42-year-old woman, who had dyslipidemia as a cardiovascular risk factor
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| ** A 50-year-old man, without any cardiovascular risk factors, admitted by severe bilateral pneumonia related to COVID-19. After a few hours, he developed cardiogenic shock.
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| ** A 75-year-old man did not have any cardiovascular risk factors and was admitted due to dyspnea, chest pain, and bilateral SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.
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| ** A 37-year-old woman, obese with a history of deep venous thrombosis, had symptoms of dyspnea and chest pain <ref name="Sánchez-RecaldeSolano-López2020">{{cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Recalde|first1=Ángel|last2=Solano-López|first2=Jorge|last3=Miguelena-Hycka|first3=Javier|last4=Martín-Pinacho|first4=Jesús Javier|last5=Sanmartín|first5=Marcelo|last6=Zamorano|first6=José L.|title=COVID-19 and cardiogenic shock. Different cardiovascular presentations with high mortality|journal=Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)|year=2020|issn=18855857|doi=10.1016/j.rec.2020.04.012}}</ref>
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| ==Causes==
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| The causes of cardiogenic shock related to COVID-19 might include:
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| * Newly emerging COVID-19 associated myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, or an acute coronary syndrome deteriorated into cardiogenic shock
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| * Worsening of previous left ventricular failure due to COVID-19 <ref name="MahajanChandra2020">{{cite journal|last1=Mahajan|first1=Kunal|last2=Chandra|first2=K.Sarat|title=Cardiovascular comorbidities and complications associated with coronavirus disease 2019|journal=Medical Journal Armed Forces India|year=2020|issn=03771237|doi=10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.05.004}}</ref>
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| == Complications and Prognosis==
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| According to an observational study in China, COVID-19 associated cardiogenic shock has a poor prognosis. In spite of using Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 83% of patients died. <ref name="pmid32105632">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. | journal=Lancet Respir Med | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 5 | pages= 475-481 | pmid=32105632 | doi=10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5 | pmc=7102538 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32105632 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7274628">{{cite journal| author=Takahashi M, Arai H, Kokubo T, Furukawa F, Kurata Y, Ito N| title=An ultrastructural study of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the pancreas in Syrian golden hamsters induced by N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. | journal=Gan | year= 1980 | volume= 71 | issue= 6 | pages= 825-31 | pmid=7274628 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7274628 }} </ref>
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| == Diagnosis ==
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| ===Diagnostic Criteria===
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| *The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
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| :*[criterion 1]
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| :*[criterion 2]
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| :*[criterion 3]
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| :*[criterion 4]
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| === Symptoms ===
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| The history of patients presented cardiogenic shock related to COVID-19, according to a few anecdotal reports were different. Some did not have any cardiovascular risk factors.
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| :*A 69-year-old patient from Italy has been reported by Tavazzi et al., as a cardiogenic shock-associated COVID-19 case. The patient had flu-like symptoms when he was hospitalized and quickly deteriorated into respiratory distress and cardiogenic shock. <ref name="TavazziPellegrini2020">{{cite journal|last1=Tavazzi|first1=Guido|last2=Pellegrini|first2=Carlo|last3=Maurelli|first3=Marco|last4=Belliato|first4=Mirko|last5=Sciutti|first5=Fabio|last6=Bottazzi|first6=Andrea|last7=Sepe|first7=Paola Alessandra|last8=Resasco|first8=Tullia|last9=Camporotondo|first9=Rita|last10=Bruno|first10=Raffaele|last11=Baldanti|first11=Fausto|last12=Paolucci|first12=Stefania|last13=Pelenghi|first13=Stefano|last14=Iotti|first14=Giorgio Antonio|last15=Mojoli|first15=Francesco|last16=Arbustini|first16=Eloisa|title=Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID‐19 cardiogenic shock|journal=European Journal of Heart Failure|volume=22|issue=5|year=2020|pages=911–915|issn=1388-9842|doi=10.1002/ejhf.1828}}</ref>
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| Four patients with cardiogenic shock complication related to COVID-19 were reported by Sanchez-Recalde, et al. They were hospitalized between 1 March and 15 April 2020 including:<ref name="Sánchez-RecaldeSolano-López2020">{{cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Recalde|first1=Ángel|last2=Solano-López|first2=Jorge|last3=Miguelena-Hycka|first3=Javier|last4=Martín-Pinacho|first4=Jesús Javier|last5=Sanmartín|first5=Marcelo|last6=Zamorano|first6=José L.|title=COVID-19 and cardiogenic shock. Different cardiovascular presentations with high mortality|journal=Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)|year=2020|issn=18855857|doi=10.1016/j.rec.2020.04.012}}</ref>
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| :*A 42-year-old woman, who had dyslipidemia as a cardiovascular risk factor
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| :*A 50-year-old man, without any cardiovascular risk factors, admitted by severe bilateral pneumonia related to COVID-19. After a few hours, he developed cardiogenic shock.
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| :*A 75-year-old man did not have any cardiovascular risk factors and was admitted due to dyspnea, chest pain, and bilateral SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.
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| :*A 37-year-old woman, obese with a history of deep venous thrombosis, had symptoms of dyspnea and chest pain
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| === Physical Examination ===
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| *When Systolic Blood Pressure is lower than 90 mmHg for more than 15 minutes with impaired organ perfusion while Urine output is less than 30 m/hr in a COVID-19 patient cardiogenic shock should be considered.<ref name="DhakalSweitzer2020">{{cite journal|last1=Dhakal|first1=Bishnu P.|last2=Sweitzer|first2=Nancy K.|last3=Indik|first3=Julia H.|last4=Acharya|first4=Deepak|last5=William|first5=Preethi|title=SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: COVID-19 Heart|journal=Heart, Lung and Circulation|year=2020|issn=14439506|doi=10.1016/j.hlc.2020.05.101}}</ref>
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| *Physical examination may be remarkable for Covid-19 associated cardiogenic shock:<ref>{{cite book | last = Tse | first = FirstName | title = Oxford Desk Reference : Cardiology | publisher = OUP Oxford | location = Oxford | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-19-956809-3 }} </ref>
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| :* Assessment of consciousness level
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| :* Extremities whether they are warm or cool is helpful for evaluation of cardiogenic shock
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| :* Vital signs (tachycardia and hypotension and tachypnea)
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| :* Evaluation of volume status: CVP (increased JVP), edema
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| :* Skin pallor
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| === Laboratory Findings ===
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| *In COVID-19 patients, it is essential to differentiate the shock types. Two tests are more valuable to clarify this, which are elevated in cardiogenic shock related to COVID-19 : <ref name="LalHayward2020">{{cite journal|last1=Lal|first1=Sean|last2=Hayward|first2=Christopher S.|last3=De Pasquale|first3=Carmine|last4=Kaye|first4=David|last5=Javorsky|first5=George|last6=Bergin|first6=Peter|last7=Atherton|first7=John J.|last8=Ilton|first8=Marcus K.|last9=Weintraub|first9=Robert G.|last10=Nair|first10=Priya|last11=Rudas|first11=Mate|last12=Dembo|first12=Lawrence|last13=Doughty|first13=Robert N.|last14=Kumarasinghe|first14=Gayathri|last15=Juergens|first15=Craig|last16=Bannon|first16=Paul G.|last17=Bart|first17=Nicole K.|last18=Chow|first18=Clara K.|last19=Lattimore|first19=Jo-Dee|last20=Kritharides|first20=Leonard|last21=Totaro|first21=Richard|last22=Macdonald|first22=Peter S.|title=COVID-19 and Acute Heart Failure: Screening the Critically Ill – A Position Statement of the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ)|journal=Heart, Lung and Circulation|year=2020|issn=14439506|doi=10.1016/j.hlc.2020.04.005}}</ref>
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| :*serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
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| :*Troponin
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| *The increase of some biomarkers demonstrates poor prognosis, increased mortality, and more severe symptoms in COVID-19 patients:<ref name="AboughdirKirwin2020">{{cite journal|last1=Aboughdir|first1=Maryam|last2=Kirwin|first2=Thomas|last3=Abdul Khader|first3=Ashiq|last4=Wang|first4=Brian|title=Prognostic Value of Cardiovascular Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Review|journal=Viruses|volume=12|issue=5|year=2020|pages=527|issn=1999-4915|doi=10.3390/v12050527}}</ref>
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| :*cTnT and cTnI levels
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| :*The association of elevated CK-MB and BNP
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| ===Electrocardiogram===
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| *There is no specific electrocardiographic finding for [[cardiogenic shock]] in [[COVID-19 patients]].
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| **The [[ECG]] can help to find previous cardiac abnormalities and triggering factors, such as [[acute myocardial infarction]], and [[arrhythmias]], which could lead to [[cardiogenic shock]]
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| ===Imaging Findings===
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| *There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].
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| *[Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
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| *On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| *[Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| === Other Diagnostic Studies ===
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| *[Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
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| *Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
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| == Treatment ==
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| === Medical Therapy ===
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| *Fluid resuscitation (crystalloid IV fluids are more efficient than colloid solutions)
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| *Administration of vasopressors and inotropes to stabilize shock
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| === Surgery ===
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| *Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
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| *[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
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| *[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
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| === Prevention ===
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| *There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
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|
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| *Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
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| *Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Pick One of 28 Approved]]
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| {{WS}}
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| {{WH}}
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