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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
====Risk====
====Risk====
*At present people with HIV who are at greatest risk of Severe [[COVID-19]] infection are people -
*At present people with HIV who are at greatest risk of Severe [[COVID-19]] infection are people<ref name=":2" /> -
** who have low CD4 cell count.
** who have low CD4 cell count.
**not on antiretroviral therapy.
**not on antiretroviral therapy.

Revision as of 02:06, 14 July 2020

COVID-19 Microchapters

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Main article: COVID-19

For COVID-19 frequently asked inpatient questions, click here

For COVID-19 frequently asked outpatient questions, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Harmeet Kharoud M.D.[2]

Synonyms and keywords:

Overview

  • An observational prospective study found out that the incidence of HIV-infected individuals to be affected by SARS-CoV-2 was similar to the general population.
  • Specific antiretroviral therapy did not affect COVID-19 severity.
  • Immunosuppression(low CD4 cell counts) was associated with COVID-19 severity.
  • Patients with HIV infection often have other comorbidities(lung disease, cardiovascular disease) therefore, increasing the risk for severe-COVID-19 disease.
  • Patients with HIV infection with CD4 cell count<200/mm3 are at increased risk for complications from other respiratory infections. However, we do not know if this is the scenario with COVID-19

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk

  • At present people with HIV who are at greatest risk of Severe COVID-19 infection are people[1] -
    • who have low CD4 cell count.
    • not on antiretroviral therapy.

Comorbidities

HIV patients with COVID-19 infection are associated with following comorbidities.[2]

  • Hypertension
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Chronic liver disease
  • Chronic respiratory disease.
Specific Populations with HIV at risk for COVID-19

Pregnancy

  • Pregnant individuals with HIV are at greater risk for severe illness, morbidity, or mortality as compared with the general population due to coronavirus infections(SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) and other viral respiratory infections like influenza. [1]Data related to COVID-19 is limited but pregnant individuals with HIV are suspected to be at greater risk due to SARS-COV-2 similarity with other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS).[3][4]
  • They are suspected to be at increased risk of preterm delivery, adverse neonatal outcomes.[3] In a small series of pregnant women with COVID-19 adverse outcomes such as fetal distress and preterm delivery have been noted. They have also been reported with SARS-CoV and MERS.[5][6][7]
  • Vertical Transmission of COVID-19 has not been found.[8][9][10][11]

Older Adults

  • Older adults(>50 years age) with HIV have a greater risk of having co-existing comorbidity including diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease as compared with general population. Therefore, older adults with HIV are suspected to be at an increased risk of COVID-19 infection.[12]
  • It is recommended that they follow the recommendations outlined for patients with HIV.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

  • The diagnosis of COVID-19 in HIV patients remains the same as compared to the general population.[1][4]
  • The challenge of diagnosing COVID-19 in HIV patients is to clinically distinguish it from common mimickers such as Influenza, Parainfluenza, and other common respiratory illnesses. Currently, history of exposure and epidemiological risk factors are the two biggest historical cues, aside from respiratory symptoms, that can guide clinician into considering COVID-19 in the differential diagnosis.

History and Symptoms

  • There hasn't been any observable difference in clinical presentation among people with HIV infection as compared to the general population.
  • Common symptoms for COVID-19 are

Laboratory Findings

HIV individuals with coinfection with COVID-19 are associated with following laboratory findings

Inflammatory markers

Elevation of inflammatory markers like ESR, C reactive protein, procalcitonin, IL-6, IL-12, d-dimer, ferritin is seen in HIV patients co-infected with HIV

Diagnostic Study of Choice

  • RT-PCR is the standard diagnostic of choice to confirm cases and for active COVID-19 cases. It may take up to 8 weeks for RT-PCR to become negative, and so a repeat RT-PCR is no longer required to document recovery.[13]
  • Antibody tests are helpful in detecting previous COVID-19 infection and are likely to be most useful if used within 15 days or more after the onset of symptoms[14]

X-ray

Xray of patients with HIV co-infected with COVID-19 may show

  • Consolidation
  • Interstitial pulmonary infiltrates
  • Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • Patients with HIV who develop mild COVID-19 illness could be treated with supportive care with symptomatic relief at home. They should continue their antiretroviral therapy. If the symptoms worse that is they have sustained fever for>2 days and develop shortness of breath they should report it immediately to their healthcare provider.
  • In case of moderate to severe COVID-19 infection they might need to be hospitalized. ART therapy should be continued when hospitalized.
  • Treatment of COVID-19 patients with HIV is similar to current guidelines of treatment of general population with COVID-19 along with current maintainence of their antiretroviral therapy. No specific antretroviral therapy has been found effective against SARS-CoV-2 virus. Clinical trial found that lopinavir–ritonavir treatment was not associated with clinical improvement in COVID-19 patients.
  • Patients who have underlying medical conditions should be managed accordingly to prevent complications of COVID-19 infection.
  • According to available data following COVID-19 treatment has been provided to HIV patient
Use of Medications in HIV positive patients.
COVID-19 treatment
interferon beta -1b
hydroxychloroquine(77%)
antibiotics(49%)
corticosteroids(38%)
tocilizumab(10%)
Ritonavir based lopinavir(36%)
Darunavir(21%)

Recommendations for Patients with HIV

  • Maintain the supply for antiretroviral therapy for a minimum of 30 days and ideal supply for 90 days.[4]
  • Virtual visit and telemedicine should be considered for non-urgent care and non-adherence counseling[4]
  • People with suppressed HIV viral load and in stable health, should postpone their routine medical care and laboratory visits to the extent possible.[4]
  • If they develop symptoms of COVID-19 like fever, cough, shortness of breath, etc they should seek medical advice.[4]
  • They should make sure their vaccination status is updated. [4]
  • Switching of the antiretroviral therapy should be delayed until close follow up monitoring is possible.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Interim Guidance for COVID-19 and Persons with HIV".
  2. ↑ . doi:10.1016/ S2352-3018(20)30164-8 Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Dotters-Katz S, Hughes BL. Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: What Maternal-Fetal Medicine Subspecialists Need to Know. 2020" (PDF).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "Interim Guidance for COVID-19 and Persons with HIV".
  5. ↑ Siston, Alicia M. (2010). "Pandemic 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Illness Among Pregnant Women in the United States". JAMA. 303 (15): 1517. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.479. ISSN 0098-7484.
  6. ↑ Alfaraj, Sarah H.; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Memish, Ziad A. (2019). "Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of the literature". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 52 (3): 501–503. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2018.04.005. ISSN 1684-1182.
  7. ↑ Wong, Shell F; Chow, Kam M; Leung, Tse N; Ng, Wai F; Ng, Tak K; Shek, Chi C; Ng, Pak C; Lam, Pansy W.Y; Ho, Lau C; To, William W.K; Lai, Sik T; Yan, Wing W; Tan, Peggy Y.H (2004). "Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 191 (1): 292–297. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2003.11.019. ISSN 0002-9378.
  8. ↑ "Interim Guidance for COVID-19 and Persons with HIV".
  9. ↑ Chen, Huijun; Guo, Juanjuan; Wang, Chen; Luo, Fan; Yu, Xuechen; Zhang, Wei; Li, Jiafu; Zhao, Dongchi; Xu, Dan; Gong, Qing; Liao, Jing; Yang, Huixia; Hou, Wei; Zhang, Yuanzhen (2020). "Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records". The Lancet. 395 (10226): 809–815. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3. ISSN 0140-6736.
  10. ↑ Wang, Dawei; Hu, Bo; Hu, Chang; Zhu, Fangfang; Liu, Xing; Zhang, Jing; Wang, Binbin; Xiang, Hui; Cheng, Zhenshun; Xiong, Yong; Zhao, Yan; Li, Yirong; Wang, Xinghuan; Peng, Zhiyong (2020). "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China". JAMA. 323 (11): 1061. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585. ISSN 0098-7484.
  11. ↑ Feng, Ling; Zhang, Jingyi; Cao, Yong; Liu, Weiyong; Chen, Ling; Guo, Lili; Wang, Shaoshuai (2020). "A Case Report of Neonatal 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China". Clinical Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa225. ISSN 1058-4838.
  12. ↑ Shiau, Stephanie; Krause, Kristen D.; Valera, Pamela; Swaminathan, Shobha; Halkitis, Perry N. (2020). "The Burden of COVID-19 in People Living with HIV: A Syndemic Perspective". AIDS and Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10461-020-02871-9. ISSN 1090-7165.
  13. ↑ Kucirka, Lauren; et al. (May 13, 2020). "Variation in False-Negative Rate of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based SARS-CoV-2 Tests by Time Since Exposure". acp journals. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  14. ↑ "What is the diagnostic accuracy of antibody tests for the detection of infection with the COVID-19 virus?".
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