COVID-19 risk factors: Difference between revisions
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***Individuals ≥80 years had more than 20-fold increased risk of death compared to the 50-59 year olds age group.<ref name="WilliamsonWalker2020">{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Walker|first2=Alex J.|last3=Bhaskaran|first3=Krishnan|last4=Bacon|first4=Seb|last5=Bates|first5=Chris|last6=Morton|first6=Caroline E.|last7=Curtis|first7=Helen J.|last8=Mehrkar|first8=Amir|last9=Evans|first9=David|last10=Inglesby|first10=Peter|last11=Cockburn|first11=Jonathan|last12=McDonald|first12=Helen I.|last13=MacKenna|first13=Brian|last14=Tomlinson|first14=Laurie|last15=Douglas|first15=Ian J.|last16=Rentsch|first16=Christopher T.|last17=Mathur|first17=Rohini|last18=Wong|first18=Angel Y. S.|last19=Grieve|first19=Richard|last20=Harrison|first20=David|last21=Forbes|first21=Harriet|last22=Schultze|first22=Anna|last23=Croker|first23=Richard|last24=Parry|first24=John|last25=Hester|first25=Frank|last26=Harper|first26=Sam|last27=Perera|first27=Rafael|last28=Evans|first28=Stephen J. W.|last29=Smeeth|first29=Liam|last30=Goldacre|first30=Ben|title=OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients|journal=Nature|year=2020|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4}}</ref> | ***Individuals ≥80 years had more than 20-fold increased risk of death compared to the 50-59 year olds age group.<ref name="WilliamsonWalker2020">{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Walker|first2=Alex J.|last3=Bhaskaran|first3=Krishnan|last4=Bacon|first4=Seb|last5=Bates|first5=Chris|last6=Morton|first6=Caroline E.|last7=Curtis|first7=Helen J.|last8=Mehrkar|first8=Amir|last9=Evans|first9=David|last10=Inglesby|first10=Peter|last11=Cockburn|first11=Jonathan|last12=McDonald|first12=Helen I.|last13=MacKenna|first13=Brian|last14=Tomlinson|first14=Laurie|last15=Douglas|first15=Ian J.|last16=Rentsch|first16=Christopher T.|last17=Mathur|first17=Rohini|last18=Wong|first18=Angel Y. S.|last19=Grieve|first19=Richard|last20=Harrison|first20=David|last21=Forbes|first21=Harriet|last22=Schultze|first22=Anna|last23=Croker|first23=Richard|last24=Parry|first24=John|last25=Hester|first25=Frank|last26=Harper|first26=Sam|last27=Perera|first27=Rafael|last28=Evans|first28=Stephen J. W.|last29=Smeeth|first29=Liam|last30=Goldacre|first30=Ben|title=OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients|journal=Nature|year=2020|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4}}</ref> | ||
**[[Obese]] Patients ([[hazard ratios]] 1.19-1.39 after age and sex correction)<ref name="WilliamsonWalker2020">{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Walker|first2=Alex J.|last3=Bhaskaran|first3=Krishnan|last4=Bacon|first4=Seb|last5=Bates|first5=Chris|last6=Morton|first6=Caroline E.|last7=Curtis|first7=Helen J.|last8=Mehrkar|first8=Amir|last9=Evans|first9=David|last10=Inglesby|first10=Peter|last11=Cockburn|first11=Jonathan|last12=McDonald|first12=Helen I.|last13=MacKenna|first13=Brian|last14=Tomlinson|first14=Laurie|last15=Douglas|first15=Ian J.|last16=Rentsch|first16=Christopher T.|last17=Mathur|first17=Rohini|last18=Wong|first18=Angel Y. S.|last19=Grieve|first19=Richard|last20=Harrison|first20=David|last21=Forbes|first21=Harriet|last22=Schultze|first22=Anna|last23=Croker|first23=Richard|last24=Parry|first24=John|last25=Hester|first25=Frank|last26=Harper|first26=Sam|last27=Perera|first27=Rafael|last28=Evans|first28=Stephen J. W.|last29=Smeeth|first29=Liam|last30=Goldacre|first30=Ben|title=OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients|journal=Nature|year=2020|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4}}</ref> | **[[Obese]] Patients ([[hazard ratios]] 1.19-1.39 after age and sex correction)<ref name="WilliamsonWalker2020">{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Walker|first2=Alex J.|last3=Bhaskaran|first3=Krishnan|last4=Bacon|first4=Seb|last5=Bates|first5=Chris|last6=Morton|first6=Caroline E.|last7=Curtis|first7=Helen J.|last8=Mehrkar|first8=Amir|last9=Evans|first9=David|last10=Inglesby|first10=Peter|last11=Cockburn|first11=Jonathan|last12=McDonald|first12=Helen I.|last13=MacKenna|first13=Brian|last14=Tomlinson|first14=Laurie|last15=Douglas|first15=Ian J.|last16=Rentsch|first16=Christopher T.|last17=Mathur|first17=Rohini|last18=Wong|first18=Angel Y. S.|last19=Grieve|first19=Richard|last20=Harrison|first20=David|last21=Forbes|first21=Harriet|last22=Schultze|first22=Anna|last23=Croker|first23=Richard|last24=Parry|first24=John|last25=Hester|first25=Frank|last26=Harper|first26=Sam|last27=Perera|first27=Rafael|last28=Evans|first28=Stephen J. W.|last29=Smeeth|first29=Liam|last30=Goldacre|first30=Ben|title=OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients|journal=Nature|year=2020|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4}}</ref> | ||
**Vitamin D deficient individuals. | |||
***An Israeli based population study with 7,807 participants was published online on the 23rd of July 2020<ref name="urlLow plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study - Merzon - - The FEBS Journal - Wiley Online Library">{{cite web |url=https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/febs.15495 |title=Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study - Merzon - - The FEBS Journal - Wiley Online Library |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>. 10.1% (782) of these patients were [[COVID-19]] positive. | |||
***The study found that low [[vitamin D]] levels may be an independent [[risk factor]] for [[COVID-19]] infection and hospitalization. | |||
*[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] has proposed the following list of conditions that may increase the risk of a severe [[disease]] regardless of the individual's age:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> | *[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] has proposed the following list of conditions that may increase the risk of a severe [[disease]] regardless of the individual's age:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> | ||
**[[Blood disorder|Blood disorders]] | **[[Blood disorder|Blood disorders]] | ||
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**[[Respiratory disease|Lung disease]] | **[[Respiratory disease|Lung disease]] | ||
**[[Neurological disease|Neurological]] and [[Neurodevelopmental disorders|neurodevelopmental conditions]] | **[[Neurological disease|Neurological]] and [[Neurodevelopmental disorders|neurodevelopmental conditions]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 07:04, 2 August 2020
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COVID-19 risk factors On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2] Sara Haddadi, M.D.[3] Aisha Adigun, B.Sc., M.D.[4]
Overview
Similar to all viral illnesses, exposure is considered the most significant risk factor for infection with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Individuals at risk for the severe form of the disease include elderly (those aged 60+), cardiovascular disease patients, diabetics, chronic respiratory disease patients, hypertensive patients, cancer patients, and individuals in long term care facilities.
Risk Factors
A recent study showed that front-line health-care workers were at increased risk of having a positive COVID-19 test (adjusted HR 3·40, 95% CI 3·37–3·43). Adequacy of PPE, clinical setting, and ethnic background were important factors for a higher positive test result in this group.[1]
Risk factors associated with increased risk of infection
Similar to all viral illnesses, exposure is considered the most significant risk factor for infection with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Racial and ethnic minority groups are at increased risk of getting sick and dying from COVID-19 "Health Equity Considerations and Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups | CDC".
- Discrimination: Unfortunately, discrimination exists in systems meant to protect well-being or health. Examples of such systems include health care, housing, education, criminal justice, and finance.
- Healthcare access and utilization: People from some racial and ethnic minority groups are more likely to be uninsured than non-Hispanic whites.
- Occupation: People from some racial and ethnic minority groups are disproportionately represented in essential work settings such as healthcare facilities, farms, factories, grocery stores, and public transportation. Chances to be exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
- Educational, income, and wealth gaps: People with limited job options likely have less flexibility to leave jobs that may put them at a higher risk of exposure. They often cannot afford to miss work, even if they’re sick.
- Housing: Some people from racial and ethnic minority groups live in crowded conditions that make it more challenging to follow prevention strategies.
Risk factors associated with increased risk of mortality and severity of the disease
- Individuals at risk for the severe form of the disease include:[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
- Cardiovascular disease patients
- Diabetics
- Chronic respiratory disease patients
- Hypertensive patients
- Cancer patients
- Individuals in long term care facilities
- People from black and minority ethnic (BME) groups
- Males
- According to a systematic review and Meta-analysis males had significantly higher mortality compared to females (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.2–9.1, P=0.01)[9]
- Elderly (those aged 60+)
- In the UK 90% of deaths were reported in people over 60
- Individuals ≥80 years had more than 20-fold increased risk of death compared to the 50-59 year olds age group.[10]
- Obese Patients (hazard ratios 1.19-1.39 after age and sex correction)[10]
- Vitamin D deficient individuals.
- An Israeli based population study with 7,807 participants was published online on the 23rd of July 2020[11]. 10.1% (782) of these patients were COVID-19 positive.
- The study found that low vitamin D levels may be an independent risk factor for COVID-19 infection and hospitalization.
- CDC has proposed the following list of conditions that may increase the risk of a severe disease regardless of the individual's age:[12]
- Blood disorders
- Chronic kidney disease
- Chronic liver disease
- Compromised immune system (immunosuppression)
- Current or recent pregnancy in the last two weeks
- Endocrine disorders
- Metabolic disorders
- Heart disease
- Lung disease
- Neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions
References
- ↑ Nguyen, Long H; Drew, David A; Graham, Mark S; Joshi, Amit D; Guo, Chuan-Guo; Ma, Wenjie; Mehta, Raaj S; Warner, Erica T; Sikavi, Daniel R; Lo, Chun-Han; Kwon, Sohee; Song, Mingyang; Mucci, Lorelei A; Stampfer, Meir J; Willett, Walter C; Eliassen, A Heather; Hart, Jaime E; Chavarro, Jorge E; Rich-Edwards, Janet W; Davies, Richard; Capdevila, Joan; Lee, Karla A; Lochlainn, Mary Ni; Varsavsky, Thomas; Sudre, Carole H; Cardoso, M Jorge; Wolf, Jonathan; Spector, Tim D; Ourselin, Sebastien; Steves, Claire J; Chan, Andrew T; Albert, Christine M.; Andreotti, Gabriella; Bala, Bijal; Balasubramanian, Bijal A.; Beane-Freeman, Laura E.; Brownstein, John S.; Bruinsma, Fiona J.; Coresh, Joe; Costa, Rui; Cowan, Annie N.; Deka, Anusila; Deming-Halverson, Sandra L.; Elena Martinez, Maria; Ernst, Michael E.; Figueiredo, Jane C.; Fortuna, Pedro; Franks, Paul W.; Freeman, Laura Beane; Gardner, Christopher D.; Ghobrial, Irene M.; Haiman, Christopher A.; Hall, Janet E.; Kang, Jae H.; Kirpach, Brenda; Koenen, Karestan C.; Kubzansky, Laura D.; Lacey, Jr, James V.; Le Marchand, Loic; Lin, Xihong; Lutsey, Pam; Marinac, Catherine R.; Martinez, Maria Elena; Milne, Roger L.; Murray, Anne M.; Nash, Denis; Palmer, Julie R.; Patel, Alpa V.; Pierce, Eric; Robertson, McKaylee M.; Rosenberg, Lynn; Sandler, Dale P.; Schurman, Shepherd H.; Sewalk, Kara; Sharma, Shreela V.; Sidey-Gibbons, Christopher J.; Slevin, Liz; Smoller, Jordan W..; Steves, Claire J.; Tiirikainen, Maarit I.; Weiss, Scott T.; Wilkens, Lynne R.; Zhang, Feng (2020). "Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study". The Lancet Public Health. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30164-X. ISSN 2468-2667.
- ↑ http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Li, Qun; Guan, Xuhua; Wu, Peng; Wang, Xiaoye; Zhou, Lei; Tong, Yeqing; Ren, Ruiqi; Leung, Kathy S.M.; Lau, Eric H.Y.; Wong, Jessica Y.; Xing, Xuesen; Xiang, Nijuan; Wu, Yang; Li, Chao; Chen, Qi; Li, Dan; Liu, Tian; Zhao, Jing; Liu, Man; Tu, Wenxiao; Chen, Chuding; Jin, Lianmei; Yang, Rui; Wang, Qi; Zhou, Suhua; Wang, Rui; Liu, Hui; Luo, Yinbo; Liu, Yuan; Shao, Ge; Li, Huan; Tao, Zhongfa; Yang, Yang; Deng, Zhiqiang; Liu, Boxi; Ma, Zhitao; Zhang, Yanping; Shi, Guoqing; Lam, Tommy T.Y.; Wu, Joseph T.; Gao, George F.; Cowling, Benjamin J.; Yang, Bo; Leung, Gabriel M.; Feng, Zijian (2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Heymann, David L; Shindo, Nahoko (2020). "COVID-19: what is next for public health?". The Lancet. 395 (10224): 542–545. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30374-3. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/high-risk-complications.html. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Hu, Zhiliang; Song, Ci; Xu, Chuanjun; Jin, Guangfu; Chen, Yaling; Xu, Xin; Ma, Hongxia; Chen, Wei; Lin, Yuan; Zheng, Yishan; Wang, Jianming; Hu, Zhibin; Yi, Yongxiang; Shen, Hongbing (2020). "Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China". Science China Life Sciences. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4. ISSN 1674-7305.
- ↑ Porcheddu, Rossella; Serra, Caterina; Kelvin, David; Kelvin, Nikki; Rubino, Salvatore (2020). "Similarity in Case Fatality Rates (CFR) of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2 in Italy and China". The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 14 (02): 125–128. doi:10.3855/jidc.12600. ISSN 1972-2680.
- ↑ Wilder-Smith, Annelies; Chiew, Calvin J; Lee, Vernon J (2020). "Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS?". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30129-8. ISSN 1473-3099.
- ↑ Nasiri, Mohammad Javad; Haddadi, Sara; Tahvildari, Azin; Farsi, Yeganeh; Arbabi, Mahta; Hasanzadeh, Saba; Jamshidi, Parnian; Murthi, Mukunthan; Mirsaeidi, Mehdi (2020). "COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics, and Sex-Specific Risk of Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Frontiers in Medicine. 7. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00459. ISSN 2296-858X.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Williamson, Elizabeth J.; Walker, Alex J.; Bhaskaran, Krishnan; Bacon, Seb; Bates, Chris; Morton, Caroline E.; Curtis, Helen J.; Mehrkar, Amir; Evans, David; Inglesby, Peter; Cockburn, Jonathan; McDonald, Helen I.; MacKenna, Brian; Tomlinson, Laurie; Douglas, Ian J.; Rentsch, Christopher T.; Mathur, Rohini; Wong, Angel Y. S.; Grieve, Richard; Harrison, David; Forbes, Harriet; Schultze, Anna; Croker, Richard; Parry, John; Hester, Frank; Harper, Sam; Perera, Rafael; Evans, Stephen J. W.; Smeeth, Liam; Goldacre, Ben (2020). "OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4. ISSN 0028-0836.
- ↑ "Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study - Merzon - - The FEBS Journal - Wiley Online Library".
- ↑ (PDF) https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/community-mitigation-strategy.pdf. Missing or empty
|title=(help)