Esophageal atresia: Difference between revisions

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List of terms related to Esophageal atresia

	Esophageal atresia;
ICD-10	Q39.0, Q39.1
ICD-9	750.3
DiseasesDB	30035
MeSH	D004933

VisualWikitext

Revision as of 07:13, 27 August 2020

For patient information click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmad Muneeb, MBBS [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

[Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:

[group1]
[group2]
[group3]

Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].

Pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Causes

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:

[Differential dx1]
[Differential dx2]
[Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
[Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender

[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

There is no racial predilection for [disease name].

[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:

[criterion 1]
[criterion 2]
[criterion 3]
[criterion 4]

History and Symptoms

[Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:

[symptom 1]
[symptom 2]
[symptom 3]
[symptom 4]
[symptom 5]
[symptom 6]

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
Physical examination may be remarkable for:

[finding 1]
[finding 2]
[finding 3]
[finding 4]
[finding 5]
[finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].

Prevention

There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References

Template:WS Template:WH

Overview

Historical Perspective

[Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:

[group1]
[group2]
[group3]

Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].

Pathophysiology

The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Causes

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:

[Differential dx1]
[Differential dx2]
[Differential dx3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].

Age

Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
[Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].

Gender

[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Race

There is no racial predilection for [disease name].

[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Risk Factors

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:

[criterion 1]
[criterion 2]
[criterion 3]
[criterion 4]

History and Symptoms

[Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:

[symptom 1]
[symptom 2]
[symptom 3]
[symptom 4]
[symptom 5]
[symptom 6]

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
Physical examination may be remarkable for:

[finding 1]
[finding 2]
[finding 3]
[finding 4]
[finding 5]
[finding 6]

Laboratory Findings

There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

A [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].

Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].

Prevention

There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].

References

Template:WS Template:WH

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
-{{CMG}}
+{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Ahmadmuneeb}}
 ==Overview==
-'''Esophageal atresia''' (or '''[[Oesophageal atresia]]''') is a congenital medical condition ([[birth defect]]) which affects the [[alimentary tract]]. It causes the [[esophagus]] to end in a blind-ended pouch rather than connecting normally to the [[stomach]].
-==Incidence==
+==Historical Perspective==
-It occurs in approximately 1 in 4425 live births.
+*[Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
+*In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
+*In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
+==Classification==
+*[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
+:*[group1]
+:*[group2]
+:*[group3]
+*Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].
+==Pathophysiology==
+*The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
+*The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
+*On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
+*On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
+==Causes==
+Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
-Congenital esophageal atresia (EA) represents a failure of the esophagus to develop as a continuous passage. Instead, it ends as a blind pouch. Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) represents an abnormal opening between the trachea and esophagus. EA and TEF can occur separately or together. EA and TEF are diagnosed in the ICU at birth and treated immediately.
+OR
-The presence of EA is suspected in an infant with excessive salivation (drooling) and in a newborn with drooling that is frequently accompanied by choking, coughing and sneezing. When fed, these infants swallow normally but begin to cough and struggle as the fluid returns through the nose and mouth. The infant may become cyanotic (turn bluish due to lack of oxygen) and may stop breathing as the overflow of fluid from the blind pouch is aspirated (sucked into) the trachea. The cyanosis is a result of laryngospasm (a protective mechanism that the body has to prevent aspiration into the trachea). Over time respiratory distress will develop.
+Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
-If any of the above signs/symptoms are noticed, a catheter is gently passed into the esophagus to check for resistance. If resistance is noted, other studies will be done to confirm the diagnosis. A catheter can be inserted and will show up as white on a regular x-ray film to demonstrate the blind pouch ending. Sometimes a small amount of barium (chalk-like liquid) is placed through the mouth to diagnose the problems.
+OR
-Treatment of EA and TEF is surgery to repair the defect. If EA or TEF is suspected, all oral feedings are stopped and intravenous fluids are started. The infant will be positioned to help drain secretions and decrease the likelihood of aspiration. Babies with EA may sometimes have other problems. Studies will be done to look at the heart and spine. Sometimes studies are done to look at the kidneys.
+The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
-Surgery to fix EA is rarely an emergency. Once the baby is in condition for surgery, an incision is made on the side of the chest. The esophagus can usually be sewn together. Following surgery, the baby may be hospitalized for a variable length of time. Care for each infant is individualized. If you have any questions do not hesitate to ask a member of the pediatric surgery team.
+OR
-Its very commony seen in new born with [[imperforate_anus]].
+The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
+==Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases==
+*[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
+:*[Differential dx1]
+:*[Differential dx2]
+:*[Differential dx3]
+==Epidemiology and Demographics==
+* The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
+* In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].
+===Age===
+*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
+*[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
+*[Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].
+===Gender===
+*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
+*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
+* The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
+===Race===
+*There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
+*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
+*[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
-==Types==
+==Risk Factors==
-This condition takes several different forms, often involving one or more [[fistula]]s connecting the [[vertebrate trachea|trachea]] to the [[esophagus]] ([[tracheoesophageal fistula]]). Approximately 85% of affected babies will have a 'lower fistula'.
+*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
-==Presentation==
+== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
-This birth defect arises in the fourth fetal week, when the trachea and esophagus should begin to separate from each other.
+*The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
+*Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
+*If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
+*Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+*Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].
-It can be associated with disorders of the [[tracheoesophageal septum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/990215ap/910.html |title=Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula - February 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians |accessdate=2007-11-11 |format= |work=}}</ref>
+== Diagnosis ==
+===Diagnostic Criteria===
+*The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
+:*[criterion 1]
+:*[criterion 2]
+:*[criterion 3]
+:*[criterion 4]
+=== History and Symptoms ===
+*[Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
+*Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
+:*[symptom 1]
+:*[symptom 2]
+:*[symptom 3]
+:*[symptom 4]
+:*[symptom 5]
+:*[symptom 6]
+=== Physical Examination ===
+*Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
+*Physical examination may be remarkable for:
+:*[finding 1]
+:*[finding 2]
+:*[finding 3]
+:*[finding 4]
+:*[finding 5]
+:*[finding 6]
-==Associations==
+=== Laboratory Findings ===
-Other birth defects may co-exist, particularly in the [[heart]], but sometimes also in the anus, spinal column, or kidneys.
+*There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
-==Diagnosis==
+*A  [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
-This condition is visible some time shortly before birth on an [[ultrasound]], or it may be detected soon after birth as the affected infant will be unable to swallow its own [[saliva]].
+*An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
+*Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
+===Electrocardiogram===
+There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
-* Radiologic diagnosis of esophageal atresia is made by detecting a blind pouch of the proximal esophagus that is distended with air.
+OR
-* Radiographic evaluation should always include the abdomen to look for the presence of air in the gastrointestinal tract (distal fistula).
-'''Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula'''
+An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-'''Patient #1'''
+===X-ray===
-<gallery>
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
-Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula 003.jpg
+OR
-Image:Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula 004.jpg
+An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-Image:Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula 005.jpg
+OR
-</gallery>
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
-'''Patient #2'''
+===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
-<gallery>
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name].
-Image:
-Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula 001.jpg
+OR
-Image:
+Echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula 002.jpg
+OR
-</gallery>
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
-==Complications==
+===CT scan===
-Any attempt at feeding could cause [[aspiration pneumonia]] as the milk collects in the blind pouch and overflows into the trachea and lungs. Furthermore, a fistula between the lower esophagus and trachea may allow stomach acid to flow into the lungs and cause damage. Because of these dangers, the condition must be treated as soon as possible after birth.
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
-==Treatment==
+OR
-Treatments for the condition vary depending on its severity. The most immediate and effective treatment in the majority of cases is a surgical repair to close the fistula/s and reconnect the two ends of the esophagus to each other. This is not possible in all cases, since the gap between upper and lower esophageal segments may be too long to bridge. In this situation, a gastrostomy is performed, allowing tube feedings into the stomach through the abdominal wall, and often a cervical esophagostomy will also be done, to allow the saliva which is swallowed to drain out a hole in the neck. Months or years later, the esophagus may be repaired, sometimes by using a segment of bowel brought up into the chest, interposing between the upper and lower segments of esophagus.
-Post operative complications sometimes arise, including a leak at the site of closure of the esophagus. Sometimes a stricture, or tight spot, will develop in the esophagus, making it difficult to swallow. This can usually be dilated using medical instruments. In later life, most children with this disorder will have some trouble with either swallowing or heartburn or both.
+[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
-==Associations==
+OR
-It is associated with [[hydramnios]] in the third trimester.
-==External links==
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
-*[http://www1.umn.edu/eatef/ Esophageal Atresia Index]
-*[http://www.pedisurg.com/PtEduc/TEF-Esophageal_Atresia.htm Description of Esophageal Atresia]
+===MRI===
-*[http://www.eatef.org EA/TEF Family Support Connection]
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
-*[http://www.caremycolostomy.org/associatedanomalies.htm Esophageal atresia with tracheo – esophageal fistula ]
+OR
+[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===Other Imaging Findings===
+There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+===Other Diagnostic Studies===
+There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+== Treatment ==
+=== Medical Therapy ===
+*There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
+*The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
+*[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
+*Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
+=== Surgery ===
+*Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
+*[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
+*[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
+=== Prevention ===
+*There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
+*Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
+*Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
 ==References==
-*{{cite book| author=Harmon C.M., Coran A.G. | title=''Congenital anomalies of the esophagus''. In: Pediatric Surgery, 5th edn. | location=St Louis, KY | publisher=Elsevier Science Health Science Division | year=1998 | id=ISBN 0-8151-6518-8}}
+{{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Pick One of 28 Approved]]
+{{WS}}
+{{WH}}
+==Overview==
+==Historical Perspective==
+*[Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
+*In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
+*In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
+==Classification==
+*[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
+:*[group1]
+:*[group2]
+:*[group3]
+*Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].
+==Pathophysiology==
+*The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
+*The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
+*On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
+*On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
+==Causes==
+Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
+OR
+Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
+OR
+The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
+OR
-{{Congenital malformations and deformations of digestive system}}
+The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
+==Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases==
+*[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
+:*[Differential dx1]
+:*[Differential dx2]
+:*[Differential dx3]
+==Epidemiology and Demographics==
+* The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
+* In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].
+===Age===
+*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
+*[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
+*[Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].
+===Gender===
+*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
+*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
+* The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
+===Race===
+*There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
+*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
+*[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
-[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
+==Risk Factors==
-[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
+*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
-[[de:Ösophagusatresie]]
+== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
-[[pl:Atrezja przełyku]]
+*The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
+*Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
+*If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
+*Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+*Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].
+== Diagnosis ==
+===Diagnostic Criteria===
+*The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
+:*[criterion 1]
+:*[criterion 2]
+:*[criterion 3]
+:*[criterion 4]
+=== History and Symptoms ===
+*[Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
+*Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
+:*[symptom 1]
+:*[symptom 2]
+:*[symptom 3]
+:*[symptom 4]
+:*[symptom 5]
+:*[symptom 6]
+=== Physical Examination ===
+*Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
+*Physical examination may be remarkable for:
+:*[finding 1]
+:*[finding 2]
+:*[finding 3]
+:*[finding 4]
+:*[finding 5]
+:*[finding 6]
+=== Laboratory Findings ===
+*There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].
+*A  [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
+*An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
+*Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
+===Electrocardiogram===
+There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+===X-ray===
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===Echocardiography or Ultrasound===
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+Echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no echocardiography/ultrasound  findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===CT scan===
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===MRI===
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
+===Other Imaging Findings===
+There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+===Other Diagnostic Studies===
+There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].
+OR
+[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+OR
+Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
+== Treatment ==
+=== Medical Therapy ===
+*There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
+*The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
+*[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
+*Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
+=== Surgery ===
+*Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
+*[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
+*[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
+=== Prevention ===
+*There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
+*Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
+*Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Pick One of 28 Approved]]
-{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
+{{WS}}
-{{WikiDoc Sources}}
+{{WH}}

Esophageal atresia
ICD-10	Q39.0, Q39.1
ICD-9	750.3
DiseasesDB	30035
MeSH	D004933

Esophageal atresia: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 07:13, 27 August 2020

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Age

Gender

Race

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

References

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Age

Gender

Race

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Prevention

References

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