Traumatic brain injury overview: Difference between revisions
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==Historical perspective== | ==Historical perspective== | ||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
*Traumatic brain injury may be classified as either | |||
**Focal vs. diffuse | |||
**Open vs. closed | |||
***Mild, moderate or severe | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Revision as of 21:48, 27 August 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when physical trauma causes brain damage. TBI can result from a closed head injury or a penetrating head injury and is one of two subsets of acquired brain injury (ABI). The other subset is non-traumatic brain injury, or injuries that do not involve external mechanical force (e.g. stroke, meningitis, anoxia). Parts of the brain that can be damaged include the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem.
TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain. TBI can cause a host of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social effects. Outcome can be anything from complete recovery to permanent disability or death.
Historical perspective
Classification
- Traumatic brain injury may be classified as either
- Focal vs. diffuse
- Open vs. closed
- Mild, moderate or severe
Pathophysiology
Causes
Transportation accidents involving automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians cause half of all TBIs and the largest portion of TBI in people under age 75.[1] For those aged 75 and older, falls cause the majority of TBIs.[1] Approximately 20% of TBIs are due to violence, such as firearm assaults and child abuse, and about 3% are due to sports injuries.[1] Half of TBI incidents involve alcohol use.[1]
Differentiating Traumatic Brain Injury from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Head injured people with signs of moderate or severe TBI should receive immediate emergency medical attention.
Laboratory Findings
X Ray
CT
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary prevention
Rehabilitation
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Traumatic Brain Injury: Hope Through Research. NINDS. Publication date February 2002. NIH Publication No. 02-2478. Prepared by: Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health