Tinnitus: Difference between revisions
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Tinnitus can be classified as subjective and objective. This classification not only explains the underlying etiology but also directs the management of tinnitus. | Tinnitus can be classified as subjective and objective. This classification not only explains the underlying etiology but also directs the management of tinnitus. | ||
=== Subjective tinnitus: === | ===Subjective tinnitus:=== | ||
* It is only experienced by the affected individual | *It is only experienced by the affected individual in the absence of any auditory stimulation | ||
* More common, usually described as continuous ringing, high pitch sound | *More common, usually described as continuous ringing, high pitch sound | ||
=== Objective tinnitus: === | ===Objective tinnitus:=== | ||
* It is experienced not only by the affected individual but also by anyone else | *It is experienced not only by the affected individual but also by anyone else | ||
* Relative rare, usually described as intermittent venous hum, low pitch sound | *Relative rare, usually described as intermittent venous hum, low pitch sound | ||
* It has an underlying vascular (abnormality of the carotid artery, jugular bulb or jugular vein) or muscular etiology (degenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and usually caused by sound produced in ear, head or neck.<br /> | *It has an underlying vascular (abnormality of the carotid artery, jugular bulb or jugular vein) or muscular etiology (degenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and usually caused by sound produced in ear, head or neck.<br /> | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The pathophysiology of tinnitus can be explained by the tinnitus model. | |||
=== Tinnitus model: === | |||
This model explains 2 major phenomena in the auditory cortex caused by lack of sensory peripheral auditory input (cochlea) | |||
==== Hyperactivity in the lesion projections zone (LPZ) ==== | |||
==== Increased cortical representation of the lesion-edge frequencies in the LPZ ==== | |||
==Causes of subjective tinnitus== | ==Causes of subjective tinnitus== | ||
Revision as of 00:42, 1 September 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2] Sabeeh Islam, MBBS[3]
Overview
Historical Perspective
- In the early 19th century, Frenchman and Jean Marie Gaspard Itard introduced the concept of masking. They were the first ones to differentiate between subjective and objective tinnitus.
- Later in the 19th Century, with the introduction of germ theory and anesthesia, surgical therapy such as incudectomy was established.
- Tinnitus is derived from the Latin word tinnire, meaning to ring.
Classification
Tinnitus can be classified as subjective and objective. This classification not only explains the underlying etiology but also directs the management of tinnitus.
Subjective tinnitus:
- It is only experienced by the affected individual in the absence of any auditory stimulation
- More common, usually described as continuous ringing, high pitch sound
Objective tinnitus:
- It is experienced not only by the affected individual but also by anyone else
- Relative rare, usually described as intermittent venous hum, low pitch sound
- It has an underlying vascular (abnormality of the carotid artery, jugular bulb or jugular vein) or muscular etiology (degenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and usually caused by sound produced in ear, head or neck.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of tinnitus can be explained by the tinnitus model.
Tinnitus model:
This model explains 2 major phenomena in the auditory cortex caused by lack of sensory peripheral auditory input (cochlea)
Hyperactivity in the lesion projections zone (LPZ)
Increased cortical representation of the lesion-edge frequencies in the LPZ
Causes of subjective tinnitus
Common Causes
Sensorineural hearing loss:
- Ototoxicity
- Presbycusis
- Noise induced hearing loss
- Late onset congenital hearing loss
- Idiopathic
Cochlear injury:
- Ménière disease
- Loop diuretics
- Platinum based chemotherapy
- Antibiotics
- Salicylate
- Trauma
Vascular causes:
- Systemic hypertension
- Sickle cell anemia
- Small vessel disease
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Hypercoagulable state
- Diabetic vasculopathy
CNS causes:
- Pseudotumor cerebri
- Stroke
- Vascular malformations
- Tumor
- Sarcoid
- Multiple sclerosis
Infections:
- Rubella
- Cytomegalovirus
- Chronic otitis media
- Neurosyphilis
- Measles
- Lyme disease
- Meningitis
Bone disease:
- Otosclerosis
- Fibrous dysplasia
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Paget disease
Metabolic disorders:
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Chronic renal failure
- Diabetes mellitus
- Thyroid disease
Autoimmune diseases:
- Autoimmune inner ear disease
- SLE
- Rheumatoid arthritis
Medications:
- ACE inhibitors
- Antimalarial medications
- Aminoglycosides
- Dapsone
- Doxazosin
- Calcium channel blockers
- Benzodiazepines
- Cisplatin
- Clarithromycin
- COX-2 inhibitors
- Loop diuretics
- Tricyclic antidepressant
Differential Diagnosis of Tinnitus
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
- Early clinical features include
- If left untreated, patients may progress to
- Common complications of
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms:
Physical Examination:
Laboratory Findings:
Imaging:
- MRA and CTA are the gold standard diagnostic tests for arteriovenous fistula related tinnitus.
- MRI with contrast is the initial preferred diagnostic test of choice for suspected vascular tinnitus.
- MRI with contrast is followed by CT/CTA and ultimately interventional angiography, if needed.
Other Diagnostic Testing:
- Initial audiometric tests are done to identify asymmetries between the ears and to locate the site of abnormality such as middle ear, cochlea, and brainstem. These tests include:
- Pure-tone audiogram
- Tympanometry
- Auditory reflex testing
- Determination of speech discrimination abilities
- Otoacoustic emissions testing
- Auditory brainstem response testing (ABR)
Treatment
Tinnitus is a symptom and not a disease itself. It is a chronic condition that can be managed by treating the underlying etiology.