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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| '''Dysarthria''' is a [[speech disorder]] resulting from [[Brain damage|neurological injury]], characterised by poor articulation (cf [[aphasia]]: disorder of the content of speech). Any of the speech subsystems ([[Respiratory system|respiration]], [[phonation]], [[resonance]], [[prosody]], [[articulation]] and movements of jaw and tongue) can be affected.
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| Disarthic speech is due to some disorder in the nervous system, which in turn hinders control over for example tongue, throat, lips or lungs. Swallowing problems, [[dysphagia]], are often present.
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| Cranial nerves that control these muscles include the [[facial nerve]] (VII), the [[glossopharyngeal nerve]] (IX), the [[vagus nerve]] (X), and the [[hypoglossal nerve]] (XII).
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| ==Classification== | | ==Classification== |
Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Classification
- Dysarthria may be classified according to presentation of symptoms into the following:
| Type of Dysarthria |
Main Feature
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| Flaccid |
bilateral or unilateral damage to the lower motor neuron
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| Spastic |
bilateral damage to the upper motor neuron
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| Ataxic |
damage to cerebellum
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| Hyper-kinetic |
damage to parts of the basal ganglia
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| Hypokinetic |
damage to parts of the basal ganglia
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| Mixed |
more than one type of dysarthria are present
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Pathophysiology
The reasons behind dysarthria can be many; among the diseases are ALS, Parkinson's disease, botulism, cranial nerve lesions, chorea, prion protein related diseases, and cerebral palsy. Dysarthria can also be an early symptom of stroke, and of other forms of traumatic brain injury. More common causes are intoxication and anesthesia, although these are transient. Another possibility is myasthenia gravis.
Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
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Amyloidosis, Basilar artery insufficiency, Brainstem infarction , Brainstem stroke, Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Cerebellar infarction , Cerebral stroke , Cerebrovascular accident, Noonan syndrome, Stroke
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| Chemical/Poisoning
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Anesthesia, Botulinum toxin, Manganese poisoning, Organophosphate poisoning
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| Dental
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No underlying causes
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| Dermatologic
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Dermatomyositis
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| Drug Side Effect
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Asenapine maleate, Carbamazepine, Cytarabine, Lacosamide, Lomustine, Loxapine, Olanzapine, Oprelvekin, Perphenazine, Pramipexole
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| Ear Nose Throat
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Enlarged tongue, Hearing loss, Macroglossia
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| Endocrine
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Amyloidosis, Hypothyroidism, Maturational delay, Woodhouse-sakati syndrome
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| Environmental
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No underlying causes
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| Gastroenterologic
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No underlying causes
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| Genetic
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Charlevoix-saguenay spastic ataxia, Mitochondrial disease, Noonan syndrome, Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, autosomal recessive, Turner syndrome, Wilson's disease, Wolfram's disease, Woodhouse-sakati syndrome
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| Hematologic
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No underlying causes
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| Iatrogenic
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Anesthesia
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| Infectious Disease
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Abscess, Anaerobic infection, Botulism, Diptheria, Guillain-barre syndrome, Lyme disease, Poliomyelitis
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| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
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Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia gravis, Myotonic muscular dystrophy, Polymyositis, Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, autosomal recessive
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| Neurologic
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Acquired brain injury, Acute dystonic reaction, Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Anticonvulsant intoxication, Articulation disorders, Basal ganglia disorders, Basilar artery insufficiency, Botulism, Brain injury, Brain tumor, Brainstem infarction , Brainstem tumor, Brainstem stroke, Central pontine myelinosis, Cerebellar disorders, Cerebellar infarction , Cerebellar syndrome, Cerebral palsy, Cerebral stroke , Cerebrovascular accident, Charlevoix-saguenay spastic ataxia, Degenerative brain disease, Dementia, Dermatomyositis, Diabetic nerve infarction, Friedreich's ataxia, Guillain-barre syndrome, Hearing loss, Huntington's disease, Motor neurone disease, Multiple sclerosis, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia gravis, Myotonic muscular dystrophy, Neuroferritinopathy, Neuron lesions of cranial nerve ix, Neuron lesions of cranial nerve x, Olivopontocerebellar degeneration, Parkinson disease, Parkinsonism, Parkinson's disease, Partington x-linked mental retardation syndrome, Phonology disorders, Progressive supranuclear palsy, Resonance disorders, Spinocerebellar ataxias, Wilson's disease, Worster-drought syndrome
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| Nutritional/Metabolic
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Diabetic nerve infarction, Neuroferritinopathy
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| Obstetric/Gynecologic
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No underlying causes
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| Oncologic
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Brain tumor, Brainstem tumor
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| Ophthalmologic
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No underlying causes
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| Overdose/Toxicity
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Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, Anticonvulsant intoxication
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| Psychiatric
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Psychologic disorders
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| Pulmonary
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No underlying causes
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| Renal/Electrolyte
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Central pontine myelinosis
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| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
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Amyloidosis, Polymyositis
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| Sexual
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No underlying causes
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| Trauma
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Abscess, Head injury, Head trauma, Hearing loss, Poorly fitting mouth appliances
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| Urologic
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No underlying causes
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| Miscellaneous
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No underlying causes
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
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columns-list}}.
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Treatment
The articulation problems that dysarthria causes can be treated together with a speech language pathologist using a range of techniques which sometimes includes strengthening the speech musculature. Devices that make coping with dysarthria easier include speech synthesis software and text-based telephones.
References
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