Ileus resident survival guide: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Ileus]] is defined as reduction in [[intestine|intestinal]] [[motility]] | [[Ileus]] is defined as reduction in [[intestine|intestinal]] [[motility]], which is either due to an [[Bowel obstruction|obstruction]] ([[Bowel obstruction|mechanical ileus]]) or due to [[ileus|intestinal paralysis]] ([[ileus|functional ileus]]). Reduction or cessation of [[intestine|intestinal]] [[peristalsis]] prevent effective transmission of [[intestine|intestinal]] content which leads to [[constipation]] and [[abdominal distension]], which are known as typical [[symptom|symptoms]] of [[ileus]]. Nevertheless, onset and severity of [[symptom|symptoms]] are depended on extent and location of [[Bowel obstruction|obstruction]] in [[Bowel obstruction|mechanical ileus]]. Although [[Anatomical terms of location|proximal]] [[Bowel obstruction|obstructions]] are presented acutely with [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea, vomiting]], [[abdominal pain]] and obstination, more [[Anatomical terms of location|distal]] involvements usually take longer to become [[symptom|symptomatic]]. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Revision as of 18:59, 23 September 2020
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
Ileus is defined as reduction in intestinal motility, which is either due to an obstruction (mechanical ileus) or due to intestinal paralysis (functional ileus). Reduction or cessation of intestinal peristalsis prevent effective transmission of intestinal content which leads to constipation and abdominal distension, which are known as typical symptoms of ileus. Nevertheless, onset and severity of symptoms are depended on extent and location of obstruction in mechanical ileus. Although proximal obstructions are presented acutely with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and obstination, more distal involvements usually take longer to become symptomatic.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Untreated ileus can lead to intestinal tissue ischemia, which elevates the risk of perforation and subsequently life threatening peritonitis.[1][2]
Common Causes of Functional Ileus
- Reflectory ileus due to abdominal, pelvic or retroperitoneal surgeries[1]
- Medications such as narcotics, anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers and antipsychotics[2][3]
- General anaesthesia[1]
- Hypokalemia[3]
- Diabetes Mellitus[3]
- Intestinal hypoperfusion[3]
Common Causes of Mechanical Ileus
- Tumors[3]
- Hernia
- Infections or inflammations that affect the bowel wall (eg, diverticulitis])[3]
- Fecal impaction[3]
- Intussusception
- Adhesion (eg, due to a previous surgery)[3]
- Volvulus (eg, sigmoid volvulus)
Diagnosis
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.
| Column heading 1 | Column heading 2 | Column heading 3 |
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| Row heading 1 | Cell 2 | Cell 3 |
| Row heading A | Cell B | Cell C |
Treatment
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of [[disease name]] according the the [...] guidelines.
Do's
- The content in this section is in bullet points.
Don'ts
- The content in this section is in bullet points.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Luckey A, Livingston E, Taché Y (2003). "Mechanisms and treatment of postoperative ileus". Arch Surg. 138 (2): 206–14. doi:10.1001/archsurg.138.2.206. PMID 12578422.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zeinali F, Stulberg JJ, Delaney CP (2009). "Pharmacological management of postoperative ileus". Can J Surg. 52 (2): 153–7. PMC 2663489. PMID 19399212.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Vilz TO, Stoffels B, Strassburg C, Schild HH, Kalff JC (2017). "Ileus in Adults". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 114 (29–30): 508–518. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0508. PMC 5569564. PMID 28818187.