Relapsing fever epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
== Epidemiology and Demographics == | == Epidemiology and Demographics == | ||
===Prevalnce=== | ===Prevalnce=== | ||
* | *[[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TRBF]] occurs worldwide. Only a few cases [[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TRBF]] are reported in the U.S. annually. | ||
*LBRF is mainly a disease of the developing world. | *[[Louse-borne relapsing fever|LBRF]] is mainly a disease of the developing world. | ||
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate=== | ===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate=== | ||
*With antibiotic treatment, the mortality of epidemic relapsing fever decreases from 10% to 40% to 2% to 4%. | *With [[antibiotic]] treatment, the [[mortality]] of [[Louse-borne relapsing fever|epidemic relapsing fever]] decreases from 10% to 40% to 2% to 4%. | ||
*Fatalities are lower in tick-borne disease compared to louse-borne disease, with treatment.<ref name="pmid5000337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kolarík J |title=Different reaction of focal and diffuse epileptic EEG activity to psilocybin |journal=Act Nerv Super (Praha) |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=215–6 |date=1971 |pmid=5000337 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Fatalities are lower in [[tick-borne disease]] compared to [[Louse-borne relapsing fever|louse-borne disease]], with treatment.<ref name="pmid5000337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kolarík J |title=Different reaction of focal and diffuse epileptic EEG activity to psilocybin |journal=Act Nerv Super (Praha) |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=215–6 |date=1971 |pmid=5000337 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Region=== | ===Region=== | ||
*TBRF is endemic in the western | *[[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TBRF]] is [[endemic]] in the western U.S., southern British Columbia, plateau regions of Mexico, Central and South America, the Mediterranean, Central Asia, and Africa. | ||
*The first endemic region of TBRF in the US was identified in 1915 in Colorado (Meader 1915) | *The first [[endemic]] region of [[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TBRF]] in the US was identified in 1915 in Colorado (Meader 1915). However, the first case was actually in 1905 in New York in a traveler to Texas. Since then, [[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TBRF]] has been reported in 14 states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. | ||
*Most recent cases and outbreaks have occurred in rustic cabin or vacation home settings at higher elevations (> 8,000 feet) in coniferous forests in the western | *Most recent cases and [[outbreaks]] have occurred in a rustic cabin or vacation home settings at higher elevations (> 8,000 feet) in coniferous forests in the western U.S. | ||
*TBRF occurs typically in summer months when people are traveling to mountainous areas on vacation. | *[[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TBRF]] occurs typically in summer months when people are traveling to mountainous areas on vacation. [[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TBRF]] can occur in winter, mainly when people go into rodent-infested cabins and start fires, warming the place and producing carbon dioxide and warmth that attract the ticks that transmit [[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TBRF]]. | ||
[[Image:TBRF by county.jpg|left|Map of reported cases of Tick-Borne relapsing fever by county, United States, 1990-2002]] | [[Image:TBRF by county.jpg|left|Map of reported cases of Tick-Borne relapsing fever by county, United States, 1990-2002]] | ||
===Developed Countries=== | ===Developed Countries=== | ||
*TBRF is reported worldwide, except Antarctica, Australia, and the Pacific Southwest. | *[[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TBRF]] is reported worldwide, except Antarctica, Australia, and the Pacific Southwest. | ||
Although TBRF was removed from the list of nationally notifiable conditions in 1987, 11 states require TBRF to be reported to their State Health Departments (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming). Other states, such as Montana, may institute reporting in the future. <ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/RelapsingFever/RF_Epidemiology.htm | Although [[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TBRF]] was removed from the list of nationally notifiable conditions in 1987, 11 states require [[Tick-borne relapsing fever|TBRF]] to be reported to their State Health Departments (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming). Other states, such as Montana, may institute reporting in the future. <ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/RelapsingFever/RF_Epidemiology.htm</ref>. Most cases of [[endemic]] [[relapsing fever]] occur in the late spring and summer. | ||
</ref>. Most cases of endemic relapsing fever occur in the late spring and summer. | |||
===Devloping countries=== | ===Devloping countries=== | ||
LBRF is mainly a disease of the developing world. It is currently seen in Ethiopia and Sudan. Famine, war, and the movement and groups of refugees often result in epidemics of LBRF. The largest recent epidemics of LBRF occurred during World Wars I and II. At least 1 million people died during these epidemics.<ref name=Cutler_2006>{{cite journal |author=Cutler S |title=Possibilities for relapsing fever reemergence |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=369-74 |year=2006 |pmid=16704771}}</ref> it is currently prevalent in Ethiopia and Sudan. | [[Louse-borne relapsing fever|LBRF]] is mainly a disease of the developing world. It is currently seen in Ethiopia and Sudan. [[Famine]], war, and the movement and groups of refugees often result in epidemics of [[Louse-borne relapsing fever|LBRF]]. The largest recent [[epidemics]] of [[Louse-borne relapsing fever|LBRF]] occurred during World Wars I and II. At least 1 million people died during these epidemics.<ref name=Cutler_2006>{{cite journal |author=Cutler S |title=Possibilities for relapsing fever reemergence |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=369-74 |year=2006 |pmid=16704771}}</ref> it is currently prevalent in Ethiopia and Sudan. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 17:06, 24 September 2020
|
Relapsing fever Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Relapsing fever epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Relapsing fever epidemiology and demographics |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Relapsing fever epidemiology and demographics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
TBRF is endemic in the western US, southern British Columbia, plateau regions of Mexico, Central and South America, the Mediterranean, Central Asia, and much of Africa. In the United States. LBRF is mainly a disease of the developing world. It is currently seen in Ethiopia and Sudan. Famine, war, overcrowding, and the movement of refugee groups often result in LBRF epidemics. With antibiotic treatment, the mortality of epidemic relapsing fever decreases from 10% to 40% to 2% to 4%.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalnce
- TRBF occurs worldwide. Only a few cases TRBF are reported in the U.S. annually.
- LBRF is mainly a disease of the developing world.
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- With antibiotic treatment, the mortality of epidemic relapsing fever decreases from 10% to 40% to 2% to 4%.
- Fatalities are lower in tick-borne disease compared to louse-borne disease, with treatment.[1]
Region
- TBRF is endemic in the western U.S., southern British Columbia, plateau regions of Mexico, Central and South America, the Mediterranean, Central Asia, and Africa.
- The first endemic region of TBRF in the US was identified in 1915 in Colorado (Meader 1915). However, the first case was actually in 1905 in New York in a traveler to Texas. Since then, TBRF has been reported in 14 states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
- Most recent cases and outbreaks have occurred in a rustic cabin or vacation home settings at higher elevations (> 8,000 feet) in coniferous forests in the western U.S.
- TBRF occurs typically in summer months when people are traveling to mountainous areas on vacation. TBRF can occur in winter, mainly when people go into rodent-infested cabins and start fires, warming the place and producing carbon dioxide and warmth that attract the ticks that transmit TBRF.
Developed Countries
- TBRF is reported worldwide, except Antarctica, Australia, and the Pacific Southwest.
Although TBRF was removed from the list of nationally notifiable conditions in 1987, 11 states require TBRF to be reported to their State Health Departments (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming). Other states, such as Montana, may institute reporting in the future. [2]. Most cases of endemic relapsing fever occur in the late spring and summer.
Devloping countries
LBRF is mainly a disease of the developing world. It is currently seen in Ethiopia and Sudan. Famine, war, and the movement and groups of refugees often result in epidemics of LBRF. The largest recent epidemics of LBRF occurred during World Wars I and II. At least 1 million people died during these epidemics.[3] it is currently prevalent in Ethiopia and Sudan.
References
- ↑ Kolarík J (1971). "Different reaction of focal and diffuse epileptic EEG activity to psilocybin". Act Nerv Super (Praha). 13 (3): 215–6. PMID 5000337.
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/RelapsingFever/RF_Epidemiology.htm
- ↑ Cutler S (2006). "Possibilities for relapsing fever reemergence". Emerg Infect Dis. 12 (3): 369–74. PMID 16704771.