Relapsing fever classification

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

There are two major forms of relapsing fever: endemic tick-borne and epidemic louse-borne. TBRF is transmitted by the soft body ticks (vectors) from a small mammal reservoir and maybe endemic or sporadic. LBRF is transmitted person-to-person by human body lice (vectors) from an infected human reservoir.

Classification

There are two forms of relapsing fever:

• Endemic tick-borne or TBRF
• Epidemic louse-borne or LBRF

• Tick-borne Relapsing Fever = Endemic Relapsing Fever
  • Sporadic cases
  • Transmitted by soft body ticks (vectors) from a small mammal reservoir.[[[Borrelia]] miyamotoi disease can cause tick-borne relapsing fever but is transmitted by hard ticks. (sometimes called hard tick relapsing fever)]
  • Ticks can multiply and infect new human hosts
  • Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is transmitted by the Ornithodoros tick and occurs in Africa, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Asia, and certain areas in the western United States and Canada.

• Louse-borne Relapsing Fever = Epidemic Relapsing Fever
  • Transmitted person-to-person by the human body lice (vectors) from an infected human reservoir
  • Infect host only when louse is injured, e.g during scratching, Therefore, a single louse can only infect a single person. Lice leave the host that develops a fever and seek a normal temperature host.
  • The bacteria species associated with LBRF is Borrelia recurrentis.
  • In the early 1900s, many large epidemics were described, predominantly in Africa, the MiddleEast, India, and China. With improved hygiene, the incidence of epidemic relapsing fever has declined in the 20th century, but the disease continues to be a problem in countries of Africa, Asia, and South America.

References

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