Alopecia epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 06:43, 10 January 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD

Overview

The epidemiology and demographics of alopecia varies by the type of alopecia as well as the age, race, sex, hygiene, haircare habits and health status of an individual. For example, in androgenetic alopecia, which has the highest prevalence of all the types of alopecia with about 50,000 per 100,000 men and 15,000 per 100,000 women worldwide, age and sex playing a role shown by the fact that men are more affected than women and post-menopausal women represent the highest proportion among females. In the case of alopecia areata, sex plays no role ^[1] but fair skinned races are more commonly affected and the prevalence is about 100-200 per 100,000 individuals ^[1] ^[2].

Epidemiology and Demographics

Tinea capitis has a higher incidence among darker races. ^[3]

Prevalence

Androgenetic alopecia is believed to have a worldwide prevalence of about 50,000 per 100,000 men and 15,000 per 100,000 women with postmenopausal women making up the majority. ^[4]
Alopecia areata has a prevalence of 100-200 per 100,000 individuals ^[1] ^[2], and risk of about 2% over an individual's life. ^[1] ^[2]. The mean age for diagnosis of alopecia areata is 32 years in males and 36 years in females based on a study of the population of Olmsted County, Minnesota which was done between 1990 to 2009 ^[5].
Only limited studies on the prevalence of trichotillomania have been performed and these were done among U.S. university students, Israeli adolescents and older adults within the same community. The prevalence were between 500 per 100,000 to 2000 per 100,000. ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Traction alopecia is more commonly seen among black populations with females being affected more often than males at a rate of about 31,000-32,000 per 100,000 women compared to about 2,300 per 100,000 men. Traction alopecia was seen in 18,000 per 100,000 girls between the ages of 5.4 to 14.3 years based on a study of African-American girls. An 8-month old girl was the youngest reported case in the study. ^[9]
Out of every 20 cases of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 10–17 cases are due to discoid lupus erythematosus. As with systemic lupus erythematosus, women are more often afflicted with the condition than men, and it is usually between the ages of 20 to 45.

Incidence

The overall incidence of alopecia areata is approximately 20.2 per 100,000 person-years. ^[2]
The standard format to report the incidence is ___ per 100,000 individuals.
When using numbers with decimal points, avoid reporting more than 1 number after the decimal point. For example, report a incidence as 10.1 instead of 10.09322. Many numbers after the decimal point may suggest a false sense of accuracy.
You can pick one or more of the template sentences below for this section:
- Worldwide, the incidence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
- Worldwide, the incidence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
- In developed countries, the incidence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
- In developed countries, the incidence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
- In developing countries/ Africa, the incidence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
- In developing countries/ Africa, the incidence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
- In ____ (insert year), the incidence of _______ (insert disease name) was estimated to be _______ (insert number) cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

Age

Tinea capitis is more common among children and adolescents than in adults. ^[10]
Tinea capitis has a higher incidence among darker races. ^[3]

Gender

In telogen effluvium, women are at higher predisposition than men.

Alopecia areata can occur in adults and children and distribution is about equal between the sexes ^[1].

Traction alopecia was seen most commonly in African-American females.

You can use either of the following template sentences:

______ (insert gender 1) are more commonly affected with ______ (insert disease name) than _____ (insert gender 2). The _____ (insert gender ratio e.g. male to female) ratio is approximately _____ (insert number > 1) to 1.
The prevalence and incidence of (insert disease state here) does not vary by gender.
Men and women are affected equally by (insert disease name here).
(Insert disease state here) is more prevalent in men women.
The prevalence of (insert disease state here) among men is ____ per 100,000, while it is _____ per 100,000 among women.
The incidence of (insert disease state here) among men is ____ per 100,000, while it is _____ per 100,000 among women.

Race

This section describes how the disease differs based upon race. You can use the following template sentence for this section:

The prevalence of _____ (insert disease) does not vary by race.
(Insert disease state here) is more prevalent in the ____ (insert race) race and ____ (insert other race) races.
There is no racial predilection for ____ (insert disease name)
_____ (insert disease) usually affects individuals of the _____ (insert race) race. _____ (insert other race) individuals are less likely to develop ______ (disease name).

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM; et al. (2018). "Alopecia areata: Disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 78 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141. PMID 29241771.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Safavi KH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, Moshell AN, Melton LJ (1995). "Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989". Mayo Clin Proc. 70 (7): 628–33. doi:10.4065/70.7.628. PMID 7791384.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Wygonowska E, Budkiewicz M, Placek W (2019) Serum sickness disease in a patient with alopecia areata and Meniere' disease after PRP procedure. Dermatol Ther 32 (2):e12798. DOI:10.1111/dth.12798 PMID: 30511475
↑ Rinaldi F, Marzani B, Pinto D, Sorbellini E (2019). "Randomized controlled trial on a PRP-like cosmetic, biomimetic peptides based, for the treatment of alopecia areata". J Dermatolog Treat. 30 (6): 588–593. doi:10.1080/09546634.2018.1544405. PMID 30513014.
↑ Mirzoyev SA, Schrum AG, Davis MDP, Torgerson RR (2014). "Lifetime incidence risk of alopecia areata estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990-2009". J Invest Dermatol. 134 (4): 1141–1142. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.464. PMC 3961558. PMID 24202232.
↑ Christenson GA, Pyle RL, Mitchell JE (1991). "Estimated lifetime prevalence of trichotillomania in college students". J Clin Psychiatry. 52 (10): 415–7. PMID 1938977.
↑ King RA, Zohar AH, Ratzoni G, Binder M, Kron S, Dycian A; et al. (1995). "An epidemiological study of trichotillomania in Israeli adolescents". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 34 (9): 1212–5. doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00019. PMID 7559316.
↑ Duke DC, Keeley ML, Geffken GR, Storch EA (2010). "Trichotillomania: A current review". Clin Psychol Rev. 30 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.008. PMID 19926375.
↑ Aguado Lobo M, Jiménez-Reyes J (2018). dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29265342 "Traction alopecia" Check |url= value (help). Int J Dermatol. 57 (2): 231–232. doi:10.1111/ijd.13846. PMID 29265342.
↑ Pires CA, Cruz NF, Lobato AM, Sousa PO, Carneiro FR, Mendes AM (2014) Clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic profile of dermatophytosis. An Bras Dermatol 89 (2):259-64. DOI:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142569 PMID: 24770502

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid29241771-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM; et al. (2018). "Alopecia areata: Disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 78 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141. PMID 29241771.

[pmid7791384-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Safavi KH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, Moshell AN, Melton LJ (1995). "Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989". Mayo Clin Proc. 70 (7): 628–33. doi:10.4065/70.7.628. PMID 7791384.

[pmid30511475-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Wygonowska E, Budkiewicz M, Placek W (2019) Serum sickness disease in a patient with alopecia areata and Meniere' disease after PRP procedure. Dermatol Ther 32 (2):e12798. DOI:10.1111/dth.12798 PMID: 30511475

[pmid30513014-4] Rinaldi F, Marzani B, Pinto D, Sorbellini E (2019). "Randomized controlled trial on a PRP-like cosmetic, biomimetic peptides based, for the treatment of alopecia areata". J Dermatolog Treat. 30 (6): 588–593. doi:10.1080/09546634.2018.1544405. PMID 30513014.

[pmid24202232-5] Mirzoyev SA, Schrum AG, Davis MDP, Torgerson RR (2014). "Lifetime incidence risk of alopecia areata estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990-2009". J Invest Dermatol. 134 (4): 1141–1142. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.464. PMC 3961558. PMID 24202232.

[pmid1938977-6] Christenson GA, Pyle RL, Mitchell JE (1991). "Estimated lifetime prevalence of trichotillomania in college students". J Clin Psychiatry. 52 (10): 415–7. PMID 1938977.

[pmid7559316-7] King RA, Zohar AH, Ratzoni G, Binder M, Kron S, Dycian A; et al. (1995). "An epidemiological study of trichotillomania in Israeli adolescents". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 34 (9): 1212–5. doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00019. PMID 7559316.

[pmid19926375-8] Duke DC, Keeley ML, Geffken GR, Storch EA (2010). "Trichotillomania: A current review". Clin Psychol Rev. 30 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.008. PMID 19926375.

[pmid29265342-9] Aguado Lobo M, Jiménez-Reyes J (2018). dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29265342 "Traction alopecia" Check |url= value (help). Int J Dermatol. 57 (2): 231–232. doi:10.1111/ijd.13846. PMID 29265342.

[pmid24770502-10] Pires CA, Cruz NF, Lobato AM, Sousa PO, Carneiro FR, Mendes AM (2014) Clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic profile of dermatophytosis. An Bras Dermatol 89 (2):259-64. DOI:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142569 PMID: 24770502

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@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
-* In telogen effluvium, women are at higher predisposition than men.
+* Tinea capitis has a higher incidence among darker races. <ref name="pmid30511475">Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Wygonowska E, Budkiewicz M, Placek W (2019) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30511475 Serum sickness disease in a patient with alopecia areata and Meniere' disease after PRP procedure.] ''Dermatol Ther'' 32 (2):e12798. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.12798 DOI:10.1111/dth.12798] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/30511475 30511475]</ref>
-* Tinea capitis has a higher incidence among the pediatric age group and in darker races. <ref name="pmid30511475">Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Wygonowska E, Budkiewicz M, Placek W (2019) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30511475 Serum sickness disease in a patient with alopecia areata and Meniere' disease after PRP procedure.] ''Dermatol Ther'' 32 (2):e12798. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.12798 DOI:10.1111/dth.12798] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/30511475 30511475]</ref>
-* Anagen effluvium is more common in cancer patients receiving treatment with chemotherapeutic agents.
 ===Prevalence===
 * Androgenetic alopecia is believed to have a worldwide prevalence of about 50,000 per 100,000 men and 15,000 per 100,000 women with postmenopausal women making up the majority. <ref name="pmid30513014">{{cite journal| author=Rinaldi F, Marzani B, Pinto D, Sorbellini E| title=Randomized controlled trial on a PRP-like cosmetic, biomimetic peptides based, for the treatment of alopecia areata. | journal=J Dermatolog Treat | year= 2019 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 588-593 | pmid=30513014 | doi=10.1080/09546634.2018.1544405 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30513014  }} </ref>
-* Alopecia areata has a prevalence of 100-200 per 100,000 individuals <ref name="pmid29241771">{{cite journal| author=Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM | display-authors=etal| title=Alopecia areata: Disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2018 | volume= 78 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-12 | pmid=29241771 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29241771  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7791384">{{cite journal| author=Safavi KH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, Moshell AN, Melton LJ| title=Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1995 | volume= 70 | issue= 7 | pages= 628-33 | pmid=7791384 | doi=10.4065/70.7.628 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7791384  }} </ref>, and risk of about 2% over an individual's life. <ref name="pmid29241771">{{cite journal| author=Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM | display-authors=etal| title=Alopecia areata: Disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2018 | volume= 78 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-12 | pmid=29241771 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29241771  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7791384">{{cite journal| author=Safavi KH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, Moshell AN, Melton LJ| title=Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1995 | volume= 70 | issue= 7 | pages= 628-33 | pmid=7791384 | doi=10.4065/70.7.628 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7791384  }} </ref>. Alopecia areata can occur in adults and children and distribution is about equal between the sexes <ref name="pmid29241771">{{cite journal| author=Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM | display-authors=etal| title=Alopecia areata: Disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2018 | volume= 78 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-12 | pmid=29241771 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29241771  }} </ref>. The mean age for diagnosis of alopecia areata is 32 years in males and 36 years in females based on a study of the population of Olmsted County, Minnesota which was done between 1990 to 2009  <ref name="pmid24202232">{{cite journal| author=Mirzoyev SA, Schrum AG, Davis MDP, Torgerson RR| title=Lifetime incidence risk of alopecia areata estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990-2009. | journal=J Invest Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 134 | issue= 4 | pages= 1141-1142 | pmid=24202232 | doi=10.1038/jid.2013.464 | pmc=3961558 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24202232  }} </ref>.
+* Alopecia areata has a prevalence of 100-200 per 100,000 individuals <ref name="pmid29241771">{{cite journal| author=Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM | display-authors=etal| title=Alopecia areata: Disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2018 | volume= 78 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-12 | pmid=29241771 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29241771  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7791384">{{cite journal| author=Safavi KH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, Moshell AN, Melton LJ| title=Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1995 | volume= 70 | issue= 7 | pages= 628-33 | pmid=7791384 | doi=10.4065/70.7.628 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7791384  }} </ref>, and risk of about 2% over an individual's life. <ref name="pmid29241771">{{cite journal| author=Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM | display-authors=etal| title=Alopecia areata: Disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2018 | volume= 78 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-12 | pmid=29241771 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29241771  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7791384">{{cite journal| author=Safavi KH, Muller SA, Suman VJ, Moshell AN, Melton LJ| title=Incidence of alopecia areata in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1995 | volume= 70 | issue= 7 | pages= 628-33 | pmid=7791384 | doi=10.4065/70.7.628 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7791384  }} </ref>. The mean age for diagnosis of alopecia areata is 32 years in males and 36 years in females based on a study of the population of Olmsted County, Minnesota which was done between 1990 to 2009  <ref name="pmid24202232">{{cite journal| author=Mirzoyev SA, Schrum AG, Davis MDP, Torgerson RR| title=Lifetime incidence risk of alopecia areata estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990-2009. | journal=J Invest Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 134 | issue= 4 | pages= 1141-1142 | pmid=24202232 | doi=10.1038/jid.2013.464 | pmc=3961558 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24202232  }} </ref>.
 * Only limited studies on the prevalence of trichotillomania have been performed and these were done among U.S. university students, Israeli adolescents and older adults within the same community. The prevalence were between 500 per 100,000 to 2000 per 100,000. <ref name="pmid1938977">{{cite journal| author=Christenson GA, Pyle RL, Mitchell JE| title=Estimated lifetime prevalence of trichotillomania in college students. | journal=J Clin Psychiatry | year= 1991 | volume= 52 | issue= 10 | pages= 415-7 | pmid=1938977 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1938977  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid7559316">{{cite journal| author=King RA, Zohar AH, Ratzoni G, Binder M, Kron S, Dycian A | display-authors=etal| title=An epidemiological study of trichotillomania in Israeli adolescents. | journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry | year= 1995 | volume= 34 | issue= 9 | pages= 1212-5 | pmid=7559316 | doi=10.1097/00004583-199509000-00019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7559316  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid19926375">{{cite journal| author=Duke DC, Keeley ML, Geffken GR, Storch EA| title=Trichotillomania: A current review. | journal=Clin Psychol Rev | year= 2010 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 181-93 | pmid=19926375 | doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19926375  }} </ref>
 * Traction alopecia is more commonly seen among black populations with females being affected more often than males at a rate of about 31,000-32,000 per 100,000 women compared to about 2,300 per 100,000 men. Traction alopecia was seen in 18,000 per 100,000 girls between the ages of 5.4 to 14.3 years based on a study of African-American girls. An 8-month old girl was the youngest reported case in the study. <ref name="pmid29265342">{{cite journal| author=Aguado Lobo M, Jiménez-Reyes J| title=Traction alopecia. | journal=Int J Dermatol | year= 2018 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 231-232 | pmid=29265342 | doi=10.1111/ijd.13846 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi? dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29265342  }} </ref>
@@ Line 37: / Line 35: @@
 ===Age===
 * Tinea capitis is more common among children and adolescents than in adults. <ref name="pmid24770502">Pires CA, Cruz NF, Lobato AM, Sousa PO, Carneiro FR, Mendes AM (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24770502 Clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic profile of dermatophytosis.] ''An Bras Dermatol'' 89 (2):259-64. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142569 DOI:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142569] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24770502 24770502]</ref>
-*The prevalence of ____ (insert disease state here) increases/decreases with age.
+* Tinea capitis has a higher incidence among darker races. <ref name="pmid30511475">Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Wygonowska E, Budkiewicz M, Placek W (2019) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30511475 Serum sickness disease in a patient with alopecia areata and Meniere' disease after PRP procedure.] ''Dermatol Ther'' 32 (2):e12798. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.12798 DOI:10.1111/dth.12798] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/30511475 30511475]</ref>
-*_____ (insert acute disease) commonly affects _____ (insert age group).
-*_____ (insert chronic disease) is usually first diagnosed among _____ (insert age group).
 ===Gender===
-This section describe how prevalence of the disease varies by gender.
+* In telogen effluvium, women are at higher predisposition than men.
-When describing male to female ratios with decimal points, avoid reporting more than 1 number after the decimal point. For example, report a ratio as as 1.5 to 1 instead of 1.48294 to 1. Many numbers after the decimal point may suggest a false sense of accuracy.
+ Alopecia areata can occur in adults and children and distribution is about equal between the sexes <ref name="pmid29241771">{{cite journal| author=Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM | display-authors=etal| title=Alopecia areata: Disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2018 | volume= 78 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-12 | pmid=29241771 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29241771  }} </ref>.
+* Traction alopecia was seen most commonly in African-American females.
 You can use either of the following template sentences:
 * ______ (insert gender 1) are more commonly affected with ______ (insert disease name) than _____ (insert gender 2). The _____ (insert gender ratio e.g. male to female) ratio is approximately _____ (insert number > 1) to 1.