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| {{Aphthous ulcer}} {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Jose}} | | {{Aphthous ulcer}} {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Jose}} |
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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
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| | *The term aphthae was first used by [[Hippocrates]] at between 460-370 B.C., in relation to disorders of the mouth. |
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==Historical perspective== |
| The term aphthae was first used by [[Hippocrates]] at between 460-370 B.C., in relation to disorders of the mouth.
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| ==Classification==
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| [[Aphthous ulcer]] may be classified into 3 groups: major aphthous stomatitis, minor aphthous stomatitis and herpetiform stomatitis.
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| The exact pathophysiology of aphthous ulcer is not [[fully understood]]. The pathogenesis of recurrent [[aphthous ulcer]] is varies based on underlying medical conditions.
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| It is thought that aphthous ulcer is the result of the cross reactivity theory between [[antigens|microbial antigens]] and [[mitrocondrial]] [[heat shock protein]], dysembryoplastic theory, histopathogenesis of glandular cells in myxoma or the thrombotic theory. Predisposing factors implicated so far in the development of [[aphthous ulcers]] are: [[trauma]], [[smoking cessation]], [[stress]], [[hormonal disorders]] and food hypersensitivities.
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| ==Causes==
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| The exact cause of aphthous ulcers is unknown. Factors that provoke them include [[stress (psychology)|stress]], [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[illness]], injury from accidental biting, [[hormone|hormonal]] changes, [[menstruation]], sudden [[weight loss]], [[food allergy|food allergies]], the foaming agent in toothpaste ([[Sodium lauryl sulfate|SLS]]), and deficiencies in [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], and [[folic acid]].
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| ==Differentiating Gonadoblastoma from Other Diseases==
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| [[Aphthous ulcer]] must be differentiated from malignant ulcers, infections, [[rheumatic]] and cutaneous disease.
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| The prevalence of aphthous ulcer is estimated to range from 1,000 to 60,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually among adult, and 1,000 to 60,000 cases per 100,000 individuals among children.
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| ==Risk Factors==
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| Common risk factors in the development of recurrent aphthous ulcers are use of denture or braces, gender, age, family history, oral diseases and stress.
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| ==Screening==
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| There is insufficient [[evidence]] to recommend routine [[screening]] for gonadoblastoma. However, patients with XY [[gonadal]] [[abnormalities]] should be followed using [[sonography]] starting at [[age]] 2, every six months, until the [[gonads]] are removed.
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| ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
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| The natural history, complications and prognosis of recurrent aphthous ulcers varies with disease severity.
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| ==Diagnosis==
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| ===Diagnostic Study of Choice===
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| There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ===History and Symptoms===
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| Symptoms of aphthous ulcers include [[oral pain]], [[dysphagia]], and [[oral bumps]] that may have resolved spontaneously in the past.
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| ===Physical Examination===
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| Patients with [[aphthous ulcer]]s usually present with [[ulcer]]s that may be may be shallow or deep, present in small (1-5) or large (5-100) numbers, may be scarring or not. These characteristics help physicians to classify the disease.
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| ===Laboratory Findings===
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| There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ===Electrocardiogram===
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| There are no ECG findings associated with [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ===X-ray===
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| There are no X-ray findings associated with [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ===Ultrasound===
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| There are no echocardiographic and ultrasound findings associated with [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ===CT scan===
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| There are no [[CT-Scan]] findings associated with [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ===MRI===
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| There are no [[MRI]] findings associated with [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ===Other Imaging Findings===
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| There are no other imaging findings associated with [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ===Other Diagnostic Studies===
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| There are no other diagnostic studies findings associated with [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ==Treatment==
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| ===Medical Therapy===
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| The majority of cases of [[aphthous ulcers]] are self-limited and require only supportive care. Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers and cause [[pain]]. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.
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| ===Surgery===
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| Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [[aphthous ulcers]].
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| ===Primary Prevention===
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| There is no established method for prevention of [[aphthous ulcers]]. Dental hygiene and regular dentistry visits though are highly advised for improving bucal health and reducing the risk of aphthous ulcers.
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| ===Secondary Prevention===
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| There is no established method for prevention of [[aphthous ulcers]]. Dental hygiene and regular dentistry visits though are highly advised for improving bucal health and reducing the risk of aphthous ulcers.
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| | *The term aphthae was first used by [[Hippocrates]] at between 460-370 B.C., in relation to disorders of the mouth.<ref name="Stomatitis-update"> Ship, Jonathan A. "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: an update." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 81.2 (1996): 141-147.</ref> |
| | *In 1898, the first clinical description of the aphthous stomatitis was reported by Von Mikulicz and Kumme as a Mikuliez aphthea |
| | *In 1911, stomatitis aphthae recurrens cicatricicans was first described by Sutton. |
| | *In 1961, stomatitis aphthae recurrens herpetiformis was first described by Cooke.<ref name="pmid336797">{{cite journal| author=Rogers RS| title=Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: clinical characteristics and evidence for an immunopathogenesis. | journal=J Invest Dermatol | year= 1977 | volume= 69 | issue= 6 | pages= 499-509 | pmid=336797 | doi=10.1111/1523-1747.ep12687958 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=336797 }}</ref> |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |