Ear pain in children: Difference between revisions
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
*[[Otalgia|Ear pain]] in children may be classified according to anatomic cite of | *[[Otalgia|Ear pain]] in children may be classified according to anatomic cite of [[Ear Pain|ear]] [[pain]] :<ref name="pmidPMID: 31751020">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=PMID: 31751020 | doi= | pmc= | url= }}</ref> | ||
:*Primary | :*Primary | ||
:*[[Secondary]] | :*[[Secondary]] | ||
:*Traumatic | :*Traumatic | ||
:*Other variants of [[Otalgia|ear pain in children]] include | |||
* | *[[Diseases]] of the [[auricle]] , | ||
*[[diseases]] of the [[ear canal]], | |||
*[[Secondary]] [[otalgia]], | |||
*[[diseases]] of the [[Middle ear|middle]] and [[inner ear]] | |||
*traumatic [[injuries]] to the [[ear]]<ref name="urlUpToDate2">{{cite web |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-earache-in-children?search=cause%20of%20ear%20pain&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=3 |title=UpToDate |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
Revision as of 00:40, 28 January 2021
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eman Alademi, M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Ear pain in kids, earache, ear infection, otitis, ear discomfort, ear sore, otalgia, otodynia.
Historical Perspective
- In1840s , the first otoscope was invented by Anton von Troeltsh in Germany to diagnose ear pain[1][2].
Classification
- Primary
- Secondary
- Traumatic
- Other variants of ear pain in children include
- Diseases of the auricle ,
- diseases of the ear canal,
- Secondary otalgia,
- diseases of the middle and inner ear
- traumatic injuries to the ear[4]
Pathophysiology
- The pathogenesis of ear pain in children is characterized by [5]Pain from the ear itself which called primary ear pain[6] and referred pain which called Secondary ear pain[7][8] .
Causes
The most common cause of ear pain in children[9] is primary otalgia include otitis media and otitis externa[10] include:
1.Diseases of the auricle like: Cellulitis of the auricle, perichondritis,Herpes zoster oticus, Local allergic reaction (bug bite), Contact dermatitis, Sunburn, Frostbite.
2.Diseases of the ear canal like: Otitis externa( Bacterial, Fungal, Malignant otitis externa), Furunculosis, Cerumen impaction, Foreign bodies, Granuloma,Malignant tumor, Contact dermatitis, Eczema.
3.Diseases of the middle and inner ear like: acute otitis media, eustachian tube dysfunction, Otitis media with effusion, Otitis media with perforation, Otitis media with tympanostomy tubes, myringitis, cholesteatoma, malignant tumor, Complications of otitis media( Mastoiditis, Meningitis, Brain abscess, Venous sinus thrombosis, inner ear infection, Facial nerve palsy).
Less common causes of ear pain in children is secondary otalgia include [11]: temporomandibular joint syndrome, pharyngitis, stomatitis, auricular lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis, sinusitis (maxillary),Parotitis, facial nerve palsy, psychogenic, cervical spine arthritis, and dental infections but its more common in adults than children[12]. Or traumatic injuries to the ear abrasions or lacerations, auricular hematoma, traumatic perforation of the TM, disruption of the ossicles, Hemotympanum (blunt or barotrauma), Basilar skull fracture, associated intracranial injury, Inner ear injury (blunt or barotrauma).
Differentiating ear pain in children from other Diseases
Ear pain in children must be differentiated from:[13][14]
Auricle:[15]
- Juvenile spring eruption (polymorphous light eruption)
- Environmental injury
Ear canal:
Middle and inner ear:
- Complications of acute otitis media: Spontaneous rupture of the tympanic membrane , Mastoiditis, Facial palsy[20], Inner ear infection, Involvement of contiguous structures[21][22][23],
- Otitis media with effusion
- Blunt or penetrating trauma: traumatic tympanic membrane perforation, traumatic disruption of the ossicles or inner ear, [24], Basilar skull fracture.
Secondary otalgia: [25]
- Temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome,
Epidemiology and Demographics
- The prevalence of ear pain in children of[30][31]:
- Acute otitis media is approximately 83% of children by 3 years of age.
- Cerumen impaction occurs in 1 out of every 10 children
Age
- Ear pain in children especially primary otalgia of infection (acute otitis media) is more commonly observed among ages 6–24 months .
- Ear pain of Otitis externae is more commonly observed among patients aged 7-12 years old.
Gender
Race
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of ear pain in children are :
- Allergies or asthma, ear infections[32](first ear infection before six months of age)[33], and family history of ear infections.
- Coronary artery disease.
- Diabetes or immunocompromise
- Smoker or negative smoker(tobacco smoke exposure).
- Unilateral hearing loss.
- Superior tympanic membrane retraction pocket
- Otorrhea [34].
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
- The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
- Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
- If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
- Common complications of ear pain (infection) include[35] [36] Hearing loss, problems learning to talk and to understand speech with recurrent infections, Rupture of the eardrum, inflammation of the middle ear, cholesteatoma, Damage to the tiny bones in the middle ear, mastoiditis(rare) , meningitis(rare). , and [complication 3].
- Prognosis is generally good which is resolve within several days[37][38][39].
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
- The diagnosis of acute otitis media in children may made when at least one of the following criteria are met:[40]
Symptoms
- Ear pain in children is some time asymptomatic.
- Symptoms of ear pain in children may include the following:[41]
- Ear pain, especially when lying down.
- Tugging or pulling at an ear.
- Difficulty sleeping.
- Crying more than usual.
- Acting more irritable than usual.
- Difficulty hearing or responding to sounds.
- Loss of balance
- Fever of 100 F (38 C) or higher.
- Drainage of fluid from the ear.
- Headache
- Loss of appetite.
Physical Examination
- Patients of child with ear pain usually appear either stable with discomfort and holding their ear and crying, Younger infants or toddlers may be fussy and difficult to console. Or with abnormal vital signs like ear pain, epidural hematoma, and abnormal mental status due to brain infection or traumatic injury.[42]
- Physical examination may be remarkable for:[43]
- Abnormal vital signs due to serious infection, like meningitis, sepsis, or serious traumatic injury, like epidural hematoma.
- Holding their ear and crying in sever otitis media or externa.
- Moderate to severe hearing loss.
- Traumatic injury like lacerations, ecchymoses, fluctuant hematomas, or swelling.
- Periorbital ecchymoses Signs of basilar skull fracture.
- Battle sign (ecchymosis overlying the mastoid bone)
- Diffuse redness and swelling of the external ear due to indicate infection or local allergic reaction
- Protrusion of the ear from the side of the head due to either allergic or infectious inflammation of the pinna or mastoiditis.
- Pre- or postauricular lymphadenopathy presence of any fluctuance and overlying redness or swelling.
Laboratory Findings
Imaging studies; and consultation with an otolaryngologist[44]
- There are no specific laboratory findings associated with ear pain in children.
- An elevated concentration of CBC, ESR, and CRP is diagnostic of serious or deep-seated infections, such as mastoiditis, malignant otitis externa, or bacterial meningitis .
- Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of ear pain in children include Bacterial or fungal culture of ear drainage, Blood culture, Lumbar puncture[45][46][47][48][49],and Audiometry.
Electrocardiogram
An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the middle ear in children[50]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of carcinoma of the middle ear include atrial dissociation.
X-ray
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of inner ear . Findings on an x-ray suggestive of microstructures defect or tumors include otoconia masses, most of the morphology studies of the inner ear[51][52].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Echocardiography may be helpful in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the middle ear in children. Findings on an echocardiography suggestive of carcinoma of the middle ear include Atrial dissociation[53][54].
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with ear pain in children. However, a CT scan[55] may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of otitis media in ear pain in children, which include altered mental status in conjunction with cardiovascular instability, fever, focal neurologic findings, meningismus, and severe headache, complications, such as venous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, or brain abscess should be suspected.
MRI
Ear MRI( Magnetic resonance imaging) and referral for nasolaryngoscopymay be helpful in the diagnosis of ear pain in children in the setting of otalgia with normal ear examination findings and symptoms of or risk factors for tumor[56] . Findings on MRI[57] diagnostic of ear tumor include equal T1 and T2 signals with intensifying in tympanum, , and Long T1 or equal T1 and long T2 signal in mastoid showed obstructive inflammation.
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with ear pain in children.
Other Diagnostic Studies
- Ear pain in children usually diagnosed using otoscope [58], or tympanometry can be helpful if there is suspicion of middle ear disease:[59]
- Findings[60] on otoscopic examination include redness, flaking, swelling, or thick discharge[61] of ear canal, presence of masses, foreign bodies, bullae, or eczematous changes, and the TM appears thickened or cloudy, or if air bubbles are evident behind the TM, a middle ear effusion should be suspected, tense, pus-filled bullae may be seen in AOM(Auditory canal and middle ear), Redness or bullae of the TM without evident fluid in the middle ear suggests isolated myringitis, Perforations of the TM, inserted tympanostomy tube can see location and patency should be assessed, In cases of trauma, hemotympanum may be noted. Hemotympanum is characterized by a red or purple effusion, which may occupy the entire middle ear space or may appear as an air-fluid level.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
- The mainstay of therapy for ear pain in children over-the-counter drugs like Tylenol(acetaminophen) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and anesthetic drops, warm compresses for some kind of bacterial ear infections[62], DIY remedies[63] , antibiotics for ear infections even its not effective treatment[64][65]:
- Acute bacterial otitis externa (AOE), necrotizing external otitis[66].
- Acute otitis media (AOM)[67].
- Acute folliculitis[68].
- Auricular cellulitis[69].
- Tympanic membrane rupture[70]
- Perichondritis[71]
- Sinusitis [72]
- Necrotizing external otitis
- Acute mastoiditis
- Chondritis
Surgery
- Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for cholesteatoma (Abnormal squamous epithelium) polypoid disease, and infected bone must be removed in order to create a dry, safe ear that is free of infection[73].
- [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with X-Ray radiation is the most common approach to the treatment of .
- Surgical procedure like:
- Debridement can only be performed for patients with Chronic perichondritis and chondritis.
- Keratosis obturans is treated with removal of impacted desquamated keratin debris in the ear canal.
- Foreign body in the ear canal can cause pain and be treated with careful removal
- Infected sebaceous cyst is treated with incision and drainage of the cysts, oral antibiotics and otorhinolaryngology assessment.
Prevention
- Effective measures for the primary prevention of ear pain in children include Don’t smoke, and avoid secondhand smoke[74],Keep all foreign objects out of your ears always take time to carefully dry your ears after swimming, showering, or bathing, and You can also wear a bathing cap, earplugs, or use custom-fitted swim molds when swimming[75]. Hold a hair drier on a low heat setting at least 12 inches from the ear[76]
References
- ↑ Conover K (May 2013). "Earache". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 31 (2): 413–42. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2013.02.001. PMID 23601480.
- ↑ Altemeier WA (October 2000). "A pediatrician's view. A brief history of otitis media". Pediatr Ann. 29 (10): 599. doi:10.3928/0090-4481-20001001-03. PMID 11056932.
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 31751020 PMID: 31751020 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "UpToDate".
- ↑ "Earache - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition".
- ↑ "Chapter 19. Ear | The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy | AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill Medical".
- ↑ Scarbrough TJ, Day TA, Williams TE, Hardin JH, Aguero EG, Thomas CR (October 2003). "Referred otalgia in head and neck cancer: a unifying schema". Am J Clin Oncol. 26 (5): e157–62. doi:10.1097/01.coc.0000091357.08692.86. PMID 14528091.
- ↑ Earwood JS, Rogers TS, Rathjen NA (January 2018). "Ear Pain: Diagnosing Common and Uncommon Causes". Am Fam Physician. 97 (1): 20–27. PMID 29365233.
- ↑ Ely JW, Hansen MR, Clark EC (2008). "Diagnosis of ear pain". Am Fam Physician. 77 (5): 621–8. PMID 18350760 PMID: 18350760 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "Synonyms for EARACHE - Thesaurus.net".
- ↑ "UpToDate".
- ↑ Earwood JS, Rogers TS, Rathjen NA (2018). "Ear Pain: Diagnosing Common and Uncommon Causes". Am Fam Physician. 97 (1): 20–27. PMID 29365233 : 29365233 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "UpToDate".
- ↑ Bandúrová V, Plzák J, Bouček J (2019). "Differential diagnosis of ear pain". Cas Lek Cesk. 158 (6): 231–234. PMID 31931581 PMID: 31931581 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Ghanem T, Rasamny JK, Park SS (2005). "Rethinking auricular trauma". Laryngoscope. 115 (7): 1251–5. doi:10.1097/01.MLG.0000165377.92622.EF. PMID 15995516.
- ↑ Kansu L, Yilmaz I (2012). "Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome) in children: case report and literature review". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 76 (6): 772–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.03.003. PMID 22445801.
- ↑ Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, Roland PS, Simon GR, Kumar KA; et al. (2014). "Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 150 (1 Suppl): S1–S24. doi:10.1177/0194599813517083. PMID 24491310.
- ↑ Rubin J, Yu VL, Stool SE (1988). "Malignant external otitis in children". J Pediatr. 113 (6): 965–70. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80564-x. PMID 3142986.
- ↑ Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, Ganiats TG, Hoberman A, Jackson MA; et al. (2013). "The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media". Pediatrics. 131 (3): e964–99. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3488. PMID 23439909.
- ↑ Mattos JL, Colman KL, Casselbrant ML, Chi DH (2014). "Intratemporal and intracranial complications of acute otitis media in a pediatric population". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 78 (12): 2161–4. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.09.032. PMID 25447953.
- ↑ Wu JF, Jin Z, Yang JM, Liu YH, Duan ML (2012). "Extracranial and intracranial complications of otitis media: 22-year clinical experience and analysis". Acta Otolaryngol. 132 (3): 261–5. doi:10.3109/00016489.2011.643239. PMID 22224578.
- ↑ Mattos JL, Colman KL, Casselbrant ML, Chi DH (2014). "Intratemporal and intracranial complications of acute otitis media in a pediatric population". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 78 (12): 2161–4. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.09.032. PMID 25447953.
- ↑ Zapalac JS, Billings KR, Schwade ND, Roland PS (2002). "Suppurative complications of acute otitis media in the era of antibiotic resistance". Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 128 (6): 660–3. doi:10.1001/archotol.128.6.660. PMID 12049560.
- ↑ Hurtado TR, Zeger WG (2004). "Hemotympanums secondary to spontaneous epistaxis in a 7-year-old". J Emerg Med. 26 (1): 61–3. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2003.05.001. PMID 14751480.
- ↑ Conover K (2013). "Earache". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 31 (2): 413–42. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2013.02.001. Unknown parameter
|*pmid=ignored (help) - ↑ Battle S, Laudenbach J, Maguire JH (2007). "Influenza parotitis: a case from the 2004 to 2005 vaccine shortage". Am J Med Sci. 333 (4): 215–7. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b92c4. PMID 17435413.
- ↑ Francis CL, Larsen CG (2014). "Pediatric sialadenitis". Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 47 (5): 763–78. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2014.06.009. PMID 25128215.
- ↑ Stong BC, Sipp JA, Sobol SE (2006). "Pediatric parotitis: a 5-year review at a tertiary care pediatric institution". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 70 (3): 541–4. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.08.001. PMID 16154645.
- ↑ Tucci FM, Roma R, Bianchi A, De Vincentiis GC, Bianchi PM (2019). "Juvenile recurrent parotitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness of sialography. Retrospective study on 110 children". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 124: 179–184. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.06.007. PMID 31202035.
- ↑ Rosa-Olivares J, Porro A, Rodriguez-Varela M, Riefkohl G, Niroomand-Rad I (November 2015). "Otitis Media: To Treat, To Refer, To Do Nothing: A Review for the Practitioner". Pediatr Rev. 36 (11): 480–6, quiz 487–8. doi:10.1542/pir.36-11-480. PMID 26527627.
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|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Chun CH, Johnson JD, Hofstetter M, Raff MJ (November 1986). "Brain abscess. A study of 45 consecutive cases". Medicine (Baltimore). 65 (6): 415–31. PMID 3784900.
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|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Yin HX, Zhang P, Wang Z, Liu YF, Liu Y, Xiao TQ, Yang ZH, Xian JF, Zhao PF, Li J, Lv H, Ding HY, Liu XH, Zhu JM, Wang ZC (July 2019). "Investigation of inner ear anatomy in mouse using X-ray phase contrast tomography". Microsc Res Tech. 82 (7): 953–960. doi:10.1002/jemt.23121. PMID 30636063.
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- ↑ Brunner A, Kovacevic A (May 2020). "[Atrial dissociation in a boxer with a carcinoma of the middle ear]". Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd (in German). 162 (5): 319–323. doi:10.17236/sat00260. PMID 32369024 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Hao XP, Yang BT, Lei L, Wei XM, Li YX (November 2017). "[The characteristics of CT scan and MRI images of middle ear adenomas]". Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 31 (21): 1625–1629. doi:10.13201/j.issn.1001-1781.2017.21.001. PMID 29798114.
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|pmid=value (help). - ↑ "Diagnosis of Ear Pain - American Family Physician".
- ↑ "UpToDate".
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- ↑ Neilan RE, Roland PS (September 2010). "Otalgia". Med Clin North Am. 94 (5): 961–71. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2010.05.004. PMID 20736106.
- ↑ Neilan RE, Roland PS (September 2010). "Otalgia". Med Clin North Am. 94 (5): 961–71. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2010.05.004. PMID 20736106.
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