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Bruxism

Bruxism is defined as repeated involuntary grinding and clenching of teeth which can occur either diurnal or nocturnally.

Historical Perspective

• In 1907 Marie Pielkiewics coined a french term 'La Bruxomanie" for bruxism. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21886404/)
• In 1931, Frohman first coined the term english term bruxism.

Classification

Bruxism can be classified into awake bruxism and sleep bruxism based on the physiological sleep status of the individual.

Awake Bruxism/Diurnal Bruxism	Sleep Bruxism/Nocturnal Bruxism
Day Time /Awake	Sleep
Semi-Voluntary	Sterotyped
Clenching predominant	Teeth grinding

Definitions
American Academy of Orofacial Pain (2008)	Diurnal or nocturnal parafunctional activity including clenching, bracing, gnashing, and grinding of the teeth. I
The Academy of Prosthodontics (2005)	1. The parafunctional grinding of teeth. 2. An oral habit consisting of involuntary rhythmic or spasmodic non-functional gnashing, grinding or clenching of teeth, in other than chewing movements of the mandible, which may lead to occlusal trauma – called also tooth grinding, occlusal neurosis
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (2005)	Sleep-related bruxism is an oral activity characterized by grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep, usually associated with sleep arousals.

Causes

Etiology of bruxism can be categorized into three groups psychosocial factors, peripheral factors and pathophysiological factors.

Etiology of Bruxism
Psychological	Common psychological factors responsible for bruxism include Stress induced bruxism Depression associated bruxism Anxiety related bruxism
Peripheral	Caffine intake Smoking Alcohol consumption
Pathological	Problem with arousal mechanism during sleep Imbalance in the dopamine release in the basal ganglion

Differential Diagnosis

Orofacial movements	Bruxism	Loud noticeable teeth grinding noise during sleep
	Pathological orofacial movements Facial myoclonus Chewing-like movements Swallowing Sleep talking Expiratory groaning
Tooth wear
Jaw pain and fatigue

Epidemiology and Demographics

Gender

• Bruxism affects men and women equally.

Age

• Bruxism commonly affects individuals younger than 6 years of age and its incidence declines as age increases.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for bruxism.

Risk Factors

Factors associated with an increased risk of bruxism include:

• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Alcohol abuse
• Caffeine intake
• Smoking
• Anxiety

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Natural History

• The symptoms of bruxism, usually develop in the first decade of life, and start with symptoms such as appearance of the first primary upper and lower anterior teeth.
• The symptoms of bruxism typically develop in childhood and may persist into adult due to presence of other risk factors.
• Usually bruxism follows a benign course.
• If left untreated bruxism can lead to hypertrophy of masseter muscle accompanied by tenderness of TMJ, which manifests as otalgia.

Complications

Common complications of bruxism are

• Tooth wear
• Tooth hypersensitivity
• Tooth mobility
• Pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or jaw musculature
• Temporal headache,
• Poor sleep
• Signs of this parafunctional habit
  • Indentation on the tongue
  • Presence of linea alba along the biting plane of the buccal mucosa
  • Gingival recessions

Treatment

Medical Therapy

• Removal of any offending agent responsible for bruxism is primary step in the management.
• Wait-and-see approach is recommended in cases with medical induced bruxism, as spontaneous remission is ensured with the cessation of the offending agent.
• Pharmacotherapy mainly concentrated to alleviate symptoms
• Buspirone and Gabapentin are the two recommended medications to manage bruxism
  • Preferred regimen 1 : Buspirone 15 to 20 mg/day PO q12.
  • Preferred regimen 2: Gabapentin 100 to 300 mg PO q24

Surgery

Surgery is the main stay of treatment in the management of bruxism.

Indications

The treatment of bruxism is indicated when there are any of these possible consequences:

• Mechanical wear of the teeth, which results in loss of occlusal morphology and flattening of the occlusal surfaces
• Hypersensitive teeth
• Loss of periodontal support
• Tooth fractures
• Restorations fractures, usually class I and class II restorations, fracture of crowns, and fixed partial prosthesis
• Restorations or dental implants failure
• Hypertrophy of masticatory muscles
• Tenderness and stiffness in jaw muscles
• When bruxism leads to limited mouth opening
• Temporomandibular pain
• Pain in the preauricular region