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(/* 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care and 2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for Management of Patients With Cardiac Arrest (DO NOT EDIT) {{cite journal| author=Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW et al.| title=Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. | journal=Circulation | y...)
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*Incessant [[VT]] or electrical storm due to [[myocardial]] scar tissue
*Incessant [[VT]] or electrical storm due to [[myocardial]] scar tissue
* Sustained [[VT]] and recurrent [[ICD]] shock in [[ischemic heart disease]]
* Sustained [[VT]] and recurrent [[ICD]] shock in [[ischemic heart disease]]
==2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care and 2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for Management of Patients With Cardiac Arrest (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid20956224">{{cite journal| author=Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW et al.| title=Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. | journal=Circulation | year= 2010 | volume= 122 | issue= 18 Suppl 3 | pages= S729-67 | pmid=20956224 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20956224  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16935995">{{cite journal| author=Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M et al.| title=ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 114 | issue= 10 | pages= e385-484 | pmid=16935995 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16935995}}</ref>==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Adenosine]] should not be given for unstable or for irregular or [[polymorphic ventricular tachycardia|polymorphic ventricular tachycardias]], as it may cause degeneration of the arrhythmia to [[VF]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Verapamil]] is contraindicated for [[wide complex tachycardias]] unless known to be of supraventricular origin. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' If one of these [[antiarrhythmic]] agents is given, a second agent should not be given without expert consultation. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''1.''' [[Cardioversion]] with monophasic waveforms should begin at 200 J and increase in stepwise fashion if not successful. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''2.''' If the etiology of the rhythm cannot be determined, the rate is regular, and the QRS is monomorphic, recent evidence suggests that IV [[adenosine]] is relatively safe for both treatment and diagnosis.<ref name="pmid8091765">{{cite journal| author=Staudinger T, Brugger S, Röggla M, Rintelen C, Atherton GL, Johnson JC et al.| title=[Comparison of the Combitube with the endotracheal tube in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prehospital phase]. | journal=Wien Klin Wochenschr | year= 1994 | volume= 106 | issue= 13 | pages= 412-5 | pmid=8091765 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''3.''' If IV [[antiarrhythmics]] are administered, [[procainamide]] can be considered. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''4.''' If [[antiarrhythmic]] therapy is unsuccessful, [[cardioversion]] or expert consultation should be considered.  ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''1.''' [[Ventricular tachycardia|Monomorphic VT]] with a pulse responds well to monophasic or biphasic waveform [[cardioversion]] (synchronized) shocks at initial energies of 100 J. If there is no response to the first shock, it may be reasonable to increase the dose in a stepwise fashion. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''2.''' [[Precordial thump]] may be considered for patients with witnessed, monitored, unstable [[ventricular tachycardia]] if a [[defibrillator]] is not immediately ready for use. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''3.''' If IV [[antiarrhythmics]] are administered, [[amiodarone]] or [[sotalol]] can be considered. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
=== Management of Cardiac Arrest (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid16935995">{{cite journal| author=Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M et al.| title=ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 114 | issue= 10 | pages= e385-484 | pmid=16935995 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16935995}}</ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1''' After establishing the presence of definite, suspected, or impending [[cardiac arrest]], the first priority should be activation of a response team capable of identifying the specific mechanism and carrying out prompt intervention. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2''' [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR) should be implemented immediately after contacting a response team. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3''' In an out-of-hospital setting, if an [[AED]] is available, it should be applied immediately and shock therapy administered according to the algorithms contained in the documents on CPR (334,335) developed by the AHA in association with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and/or the European Resuscitation Council (ERC).<ref name="pmid16314375">{{cite journal |author= |title=2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=112 |issue=24 Suppl |pages=IV1–203 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16314375 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166550 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16314375 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid16321716">{{cite journal |author=Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Soar J, Böttiger BW, Smith G |title=European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support |journal=[[Resuscitation]] |volume=67 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S39–86 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16321716 |doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.10.009 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300-9572(05)00411-9 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4''' For victims with ventricular tachyarrhythmic mechanisms of cardiac arrest, when recurrences occur after a maximally defibrillating shock (generally 360 J for monophasic defibrillators), intravenous [[amiodarone]] should be the preferred [[antiarrhythmic drug]] for attempting a stable rhythm after further [[defibrillation]]s. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5''' For recurrent [[ventricular tachyarrhythmias]] or nontachyarrhythmic mechanisms of cardiac arrest, it is recommended to follow the algorithms contained in the documents on CPR (334,335) developed by the AHA in association with ILCOR and/or the ERC.<ref name="pmid16314375">{{cite journal |author= |title=2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=112 |issue=24 Suppl |pages=IV1–203 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16314375 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166550 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16314375 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid16321716">{{cite journal |author=Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Soar J, Böttiger BW, Smith G |title=European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support |journal=[[Resuscitation]] |volume=67 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S39–86 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16321716 |doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.10.009 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300-9572(05)00411-9 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''6''' Reversible causes and factors contributing to cardiac arrest should be managed during advanced life support, including management of [[hypoxia]], [[electrolyte disturbances]], mechanical factors, and [[volume depletion]]. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1''' For response times greater than or equal to 5 min, a brief (less than 90 to 180 s) period of [[CPR]] is reasonable prior to attempting [[defibrillation]]. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1''' A single [[precordial thump]] may be considered by health care professional providers when responding to a witnessed cardiac arrest. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
=== Management of Cardiac Arrest in Athletes (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid16935995">{{cite journal| author=Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M et al.| title=ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 114 | issue= 10 | pages= e385-484 | pmid=16935995 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16935995}}</ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1''' Preparticipation history and [[physical examination]], including family history of premature or SCD and specific evidence of cardiovascular diseases such as [[cardiomyopathies]] and ion channel abnormalities, is recommended in athletes. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Athletes presenting with rhythm disorders, [[structural heart disease]], or other signs or symptoms suspicious for cardiovascular disorders should be evaluated as any other patient but with recognition of the potential uniqueness of their activity. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Athletes presenting with [[syncope]] should be carefully evaluated to uncover underlying [[cardiovascular disease]] or rhythm disorder. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' Athletes with serious symptoms should cease competition while cardiovascular abnormalities are being fully evaluated. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Twelve-lead [[ECG]] and possibly [[echocardiography]] may be considered as preparticipation screening for heart disorders in athletes. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 21:06, 30 January 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Sara Zand, M.D.[2]

Overview

The mainstay of therapy for patients with cardiac arrest is starting cardiopulmonary resuscitation with minimizing interruption in chest compression.The rhythm should be reassessed. If the rhythm is VF orpulseless VT, the shock should be delivered immediately. If the rhythm is asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA), CPR should be resumed. Advanced life support (ALS) should be kept with minimizing interruption in chest compression including: advanced airway, continuous chest compressions, capnography, IV/IO access, vasopressors, antiarrhythmics therapy, correcting reversible causes including hypoxia, hypovolemia,hypothermia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia,acidosis, tension pneumothorax, tamponade, toxins (benzodiazepines, alcohol, opiates, tricyclics, barbiturates, betablockers, calcium channel blockers). The followings should be considered immediately in post cardiac arrest patients: 12–lead ECG ,Perfusion/reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction, Oxygenation and ventilation,temperature controlling, treatment of reversible causes.

Urgent Treatment

Medical Therapy

2017AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for management of sudden cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia

Recommendations for management of cardiac arrest
CPR (Class I, Level of Evidence A):

❑ CPR should be done according to basic and advanced cardiovascular life support algorithms

Amiodarone (Class I, Level of Evidence A) :

❑ In the recurrence of ventricular arrhythmia after maximum energy shock delivery and unstable hemodynamic, amiodarone should de infused

Direct current cardioversion : (Class I, Level of Evidence A)

❑ In ventricular arrhythmia and unstable hemodynamic, direct current cardioversion should be delivered

Revascularization:(Class I, Level of Evidence B)

❑ In patients with polymorphic VT and VF and evidence of acute STEMI in ECG, coronary angiography and emergency revascularization is advised

Wide QRS tachycardia: (Class I, Level of Evidence C)

❑ Wide QRS tachycardia should be considered as VT if the diagnosis is unclear

Intravenous procainamide (Class 2a, Level of Evidence A):

❑ In hemodynamically stable VT, intravenous procainamide is recommended

Intravenous lidocaine : (Class 2a, Level of Evidence B)

❑ Lidocaine is recommended in witness cardiac arrest due to polymorphic VT, VF unresponsed to CPR, defibrillation or vasopressor therapy

Intravenous betablocker : (Class 2a, Level of Evidence B)

❑ In polymorphic VT due to myocardial ischemia, intravenous betablocker maybe helpful

Intravenous Epinephrine : (Class 2b, Level of Evidence A)

❑ In cardiac arrest administration of 1 mg epinephrine every 3-5 minutes during CPR is recommended

Intravenous amiodarone : (Class 2b, Level of Evidence B)

❑ In hemodynamic stable VT, infusion amiodarone or sotalole maybe considered

High dose of intravenous epinephrine : (Class III , Level of Evidence A)

❑ In cardiac arrest, administration of high dose epinephrine>1 mg bolouses is not beneficial
❑ In refractory VF not related to torsades de pointes, administration of intravenous magnesium is not beneficial

Intravenous amiodarone : (Class III , Level of Evidence B)

❑In acute myocardial infarction, prophylactic administration of lidocaine or amiodarone for prevention of VT is harmful

Intravenous verapamil, diltiazem : (Class III , Level of Evidence C)

❑ In a wide QRS tachycardia with unknown origin, administration of verapamil and diltiazem is harmful


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sustained monomorphic VT
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hemodynamic stability
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unstable
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12-Lead ECG, history, physical exam
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dirrect current cardioversion,ACLS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Notifying disease causing VT
 
 
 
Cardioversion(class1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
VT termination
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Structural heart disease
 
 
 
Intravenous procainamide (class2a)
 
 
 
 
 
Yes, therapy of underlying heart disease
 
NO, cardioversion (class1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NO, Ideopathic VT
 
 
 
Intravenous amiodarone or sotalole (class2b)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
VT termination
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Verapamil sensitive VT: Verapamil outflow tract VT: betablocker (class2a)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Effective
 
Non effective: cardioversion
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes,therapy of underlying heart disease
 
NO, Sedation ,anesthesia, reassess antiarrhythmic therapy, repeating cardioversion
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Therapy to prevent recurrence of VT
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No VT termination
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Catheter ablation (class1)
 
 
Catheter ablation (class1)
 
Verapamil , betablocker (class2a)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Intervention

Catheter ablation can only be performed for patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia based on these characteristics:

References

  1. ↑ Priori, Silvia G.; Blomström-Lundqvist, Carina; Mazzanti, Andrea; Blom, Nico; Borggrefe, Martin; Camm, John; Elliott, Perry Mark; Fitzsimons, Donna; Hatala, Robert; Hindricks, Gerhard; Kirchhof, Paulus; Kjeldsen, Keld; Kuck, Karl-Heinz; Hernandez-Madrid, Antonio; Nikolaou, Nikolaos; Norekvål, Tone M.; Spaulding, Christian; Van Veldhuisen, Dirk J. (2015). "2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death". European Heart Journal. 36 (41): 2793–2867. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv316. ISSN 0195-668X.
  2. ↑ Al-Khatib, Sana M.; Stevenson, William G.; Ackerman, Michael J.; Bryant, William J.; Callans, David J.; Curtis, Anne B.; Deal, Barbara J.; Dickfeld, Timm; Field, Michael E.; Fonarow, Gregg C.; Gillis, Anne M.; Granger, Christopher B.; Hammill, Stephen C.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Joglar, José A.; Kay, G. Neal; Matlock, Daniel D.; Myerburg, Robert J.; Page, Richard L. (2018). "2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death". Circulation. 138 (13). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549. ISSN 0009-7322.


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