/* 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care and 2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for Management of Patients With Cardiac Arrest (DO NOT EDIT) {{cite journal| author=Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW et al.| title=Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. | journal=Circulation | y...
*Incessant [[VT]] or electrical storm due to [[myocardial]] scar tissue
*Incessant [[VT]] or electrical storm due to [[myocardial]] scar tissue
* Sustained [[VT]] and recurrent [[ICD]] shock in [[ischemic heart disease]]
* Sustained [[VT]] and recurrent [[ICD]] shock in [[ischemic heart disease]]
==2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care and 2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for Management of Patients With Cardiac Arrest (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid20956224">{{cite journal| author=Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW et al.| title=Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. | journal=Circulation | year= 2010 | volume= 122 | issue= 18 Suppl 3 | pages= S729-67 | pmid=20956224 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20956224 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16935995">{{cite journal| author=Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M et al.| title=ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 114 | issue= 10 | pages= e385-484 | pmid=16935995 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16935995}}</ref>==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Adenosine]] should not be given for unstable or for irregular or [[polymorphic ventricular tachycardia|polymorphic ventricular tachycardias]], as it may cause degeneration of the arrhythmia to [[VF]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Verapamil]] is contraindicated for [[wide complex tachycardias]] unless known to be of supraventricular origin. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' If one of these [[antiarrhythmic]] agents is given, a second agent should not be given without expert consultation. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''1.''' [[Cardioversion]] with monophasic waveforms should begin at 200 J and increase in stepwise fashion if not successful. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''2.''' If the etiology of the rhythm cannot be determined, the rate is regular, and the QRS is monomorphic, recent evidence suggests that IV [[adenosine]] is relatively safe for both treatment and diagnosis.<ref name="pmid8091765">{{cite journal| author=Staudinger T, Brugger S, Röggla M, Rintelen C, Atherton GL, Johnson JC et al.| title=[Comparison of the Combitube with the endotracheal tube in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prehospital phase]. | journal=Wien Klin Wochenschr | year= 1994 | volume= 106 | issue= 13 | pages= 412-5 | pmid=8091765 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''3.''' If IV [[antiarrhythmics]] are administered, [[procainamide]] can be considered. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''4.''' If [[antiarrhythmic]] therapy is unsuccessful, [[cardioversion]] or expert consultation should be considered. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''1.''' [[Ventricular tachycardia|Monomorphic VT]] with a pulse responds well to monophasic or biphasic waveform [[cardioversion]] (synchronized) shocks at initial energies of 100 J. If there is no response to the first shock, it may be reasonable to increase the dose in a stepwise fashion. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''2.''' [[Precordial thump]] may be considered for patients with witnessed, monitored, unstable [[ventricular tachycardia]] if a [[defibrillator]] is not immediately ready for use. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki> '''3.''' If IV [[antiarrhythmics]] are administered, [[amiodarone]] or [[sotalol]] can be considered. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
=== Management of Cardiac Arrest (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid16935995">{{cite journal| author=Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M et al.| title=ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 114 | issue= 10 | pages= e385-484 | pmid=16935995 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16935995}}</ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1''' After establishing the presence of definite, suspected, or impending [[cardiac arrest]], the first priority should be activation of a response team capable of identifying the specific mechanism and carrying out prompt intervention. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2''' [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR) should be implemented immediately after contacting a response team. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3''' In an out-of-hospital setting, if an [[AED]] is available, it should be applied immediately and shock therapy administered according to the algorithms contained in the documents on CPR (334,335) developed by the AHA in association with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and/or the European Resuscitation Council (ERC).<ref name="pmid16314375">{{cite journal |author= |title=2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=112 |issue=24 Suppl |pages=IV1–203 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16314375 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166550 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16314375 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid16321716">{{cite journal |author=Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Soar J, Böttiger BW, Smith G |title=European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support |journal=[[Resuscitation]] |volume=67 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S39–86 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16321716 |doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.10.009 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300-9572(05)00411-9 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4''' For victims with ventricular tachyarrhythmic mechanisms of cardiac arrest, when recurrences occur after a maximally defibrillating shock (generally 360 J for monophasic defibrillators), intravenous [[amiodarone]] should be the preferred [[antiarrhythmic drug]] for attempting a stable rhythm after further [[defibrillation]]s. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5''' For recurrent [[ventricular tachyarrhythmias]] or nontachyarrhythmic mechanisms of cardiac arrest, it is recommended to follow the algorithms contained in the documents on CPR (334,335) developed by the AHA in association with ILCOR and/or the ERC.<ref name="pmid16314375">{{cite journal |author= |title=2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=112 |issue=24 Suppl |pages=IV1–203 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16314375 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166550 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16314375 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid16321716">{{cite journal |author=Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Soar J, Böttiger BW, Smith G |title=European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support |journal=[[Resuscitation]] |volume=67 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S39–86 |year=2005 |month=December |pmid=16321716 |doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.10.009 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300-9572(05)00411-9 |accessdate=2012-11-05}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''6''' Reversible causes and factors contributing to cardiac arrest should be managed during advanced life support, including management of [[hypoxia]], [[electrolyte disturbances]], mechanical factors, and [[volume depletion]]. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1''' For response times greater than or equal to 5 min, a brief (less than 90 to 180 s) period of [[CPR]] is reasonable prior to attempting [[defibrillation]]. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1''' A single [[precordial thump]] may be considered by health care professional providers when responding to a witnessed cardiac arrest. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
=== Management of Cardiac Arrest in Athletes (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid16935995">{{cite journal| author=Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M et al.| title=ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=Circulation | year= 2006 | volume= 114 | issue= 10 | pages= e385-484 | pmid=16935995 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178233 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16935995}}</ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1''' Preparticipation history and [[physical examination]], including family history of premature or SCD and specific evidence of cardiovascular diseases such as [[cardiomyopathies]] and ion channel abnormalities, is recommended in athletes. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Athletes presenting with rhythm disorders, [[structural heart disease]], or other signs or symptoms suspicious for cardiovascular disorders should be evaluated as any other patient but with recognition of the potential uniqueness of their activity. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Athletes presenting with [[syncope]] should be carefully evaluated to uncover underlying [[cardiovascular disease]] or rhythm disorder. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"| <nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' Athletes with serious symptoms should cease competition while cardiovascular abnormalities are being fully evaluated. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Twelve-lead [[ECG]] and possibly [[echocardiography]] may be considered as preparticipation screening for heart disorders in athletes. ''([[ACC AHA Guidelines Classification Scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
❑ In cardiac arrest, administration of high dose epinephrine>1 mg bolouses is not beneficial
❑ In refractory VF not related to torsades de pointes, administration of intravenous magnesium is not beneficial
↑Priori, Silvia G.; Blomström-Lundqvist, Carina; Mazzanti, Andrea; Blom, Nico; Borggrefe, Martin; Camm, John; Elliott, Perry Mark; Fitzsimons, Donna; Hatala, Robert; Hindricks, Gerhard; Kirchhof, Paulus; Kjeldsen, Keld; Kuck, Karl-Heinz; Hernandez-Madrid, Antonio; Nikolaou, Nikolaos; Norekvål, Tone M.; Spaulding, Christian; Van Veldhuisen, Dirk J. (2015). "2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death". European Heart Journal. 36 (41): 2793–2867. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv316. ISSN0195-668X.
↑Al-Khatib, Sana M.; Stevenson, William G.; Ackerman, Michael J.; Bryant, William J.; Callans, David J.; Curtis, Anne B.; Deal, Barbara J.; Dickfeld, Timm; Field, Michael E.; Fonarow, Gregg C.; Gillis, Anne M.; Granger, Christopher B.; Hammill, Stephen C.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Joglar, José A.; Kay, G. Neal; Matlock, Daniel D.; Myerburg, Robert J.; Page, Richard L. (2018). "2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death". Circulation. 138 (13). doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000549. ISSN0009-7322.