Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder: Difference between revisions
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=== Laboratory Findings === | === Laboratory Findings === | ||
Revision as of 08:46, 24 February 2021
Template:Adhesive Capsulitis of Shoulder Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Marufa Marium, M.B.B.S[2]
For patient information, click here
Synonyms and keywords: Frozen shoulder syndrome; Adhesive capsulitis; Duplay Bursitis, Scapulohumeral periarthritis; Arthofibrosis; Shoulder pain; Shoulder stiffness; Shoulder Capsulitis.
Overview
Adhesive capsulitis is an inflammatory insult to glenohumeral joint limiting active and passive range of motion due to pain and stiffness of shoulder joint. The active and passive range of motion is debilitated due to inflammation and fibrosis of adhesive bursa due to primary and secondary causes.
Historical Perspective
- Adhesive capsulitis was first discovered by Simon Emmanuel Duplay, a French surgeon, in 1872 who introduced the term 'scapulohumeral periarthritis' to identify painful shoulder with normal preservation of imaging findings. In 1934 Earnest Codman termed it as Frozen Shoulder' as there was loss of range of motion at shoulder joint. Later in 1945, due to the involvement of inflammation of capsule leading to fibrosis of bursa was elaborated by Julius Neviaser, he named it 'Adhesive capsulitis'.[1][2]
Classification
- Adhesive Capsulitis may be classified according to etiology into two groups:
- Primary or Idiopathic:
- Adhesive capsulitis can occur spontaneously without concurrent shoulder joint abnormality or inciting factors
- Secondary:
- Adhesive capsulitis can present due to preexistent shoulder joint dysfunction for instances glenohumeral joint dislocation with fracture of periarticular region, joint trauma, arthroscopic surgery to shoulder joint, arthroplasty or rotator cuff injury repair.Diabetes mellitus is the most common secondary cause, other than this dysfunctional thyroid gland, adrenal insufficiency, fibromatosis resulting in dupuytren's contracture, cerebrovascular attack, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, parkinson's disease, surgery to neck/brain/heart may predispose adhesive capsulitis. [3][4][2][5][6]
Pathophysiology
- The pathogenesis of adhesive capsulitis is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis which is elaborated several pathways mentioned below.
- In the beginning it was thought myofibroblasts are playing role in fibrotic pathway. low levels of metalloproteinases (MMPs) like MMP-14, MMP-1, MMP-2 and increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) for instances TIMP-1, TIMP-2 resulting in ECM imbalances and fibrosis.[7]
- Inflammatory process involving IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, TNF- alpha, COX-1 and COX-2 leading to accumulation of macrophages, T and B cells, mast cells are recently thought to have role adhesive capsulitis. [8]
- Molecules like ICAM-1, SNP(single- peptide polymorphism of Interleukin-6), metalloproteinases-3, IGF-2, Beta catenin are involved in genetic association with adhesive capsulitis.[1] [9] [10]
- In recent studies the intolerable pain of adhesive capsulitis is explained by the involvement of nerve invasion by nerve growth factor receptor p75. VEGF, MAPK(mitogen-activated protein kinases)/ENK pathway and MAPK/JNK, Beta-1 integrin(CD19), CD34,PGP9.5(Protein gene product 9.5), GAP43(growth associated protein 43), NF-kB, TGF- beta are elevated in pathogenesis in Adhesive capsulitis.[11][12] [13][8]
- On gross pathology, inflammation, congestion, fibrosis of capsule are characteristic findings of adhesive capsulitis.[8]
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, cellular infiltration with accumulation of macrophages, T and B cells, mast cells are characteristic findings of adhesive capsulitis.[8]
Causes
Adhesive Capsulitis may be caused by primarily or Secondarily. Diabetes Mellitus is most common cause of adhesive capsulitis among the secondary cause. The etiologies are:
- Primary or Idiopathic:
- Adhesive capsulitis can occur spontaneously without concurrent shoulder joint abnormality or inciting factors
- Secondary:
- Adhesive capsulitis can present due to preexistent shoulder joint dysfunction for instances glenohumeral joint dislocation with fracture of periarticular region, joint trauma, arthroscopic surgery to shoulder joint, arthroplasty or rotator cuff injury repair. [3][4] Systemic illnesses are associated in causing secondary adhesive capsulitis, plays greater role than preexisting joint dysfunction. Diabetes mellitus is the most common secondary cause, other than this dysfunctional thyroid gland, adrenal insufficiency, fibromatosis resulting in dupuytren's contracture, cerebrovascular attack, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, parkinson's disease, surgery to neck/brain/heart may predispose adhesive capsulitis. [3][4][2][5][6]
- Primary or Idiopathic:
Differentiating Adhesive capsulitis from other Diseases
For further information about the differential diagnosis, click here.
Epidemiology and Demographics
- The prevalence of adhesive capsulitis is approximately 2 to 5.3 % in individuals worldwide.[14]
- The incidence of adhesive capsulitis was estimated to be 3 to 5% with 20% cases related with diabetes mellitus.[1]
Age
- Adhesive capsulitis is more commonly observed among patients aged 40 to 59 years with a mean of 55 years old.[15]
Gender
- Female are more commonly affected with adhesive capsulitis than male comprising of 70% of total cases.[16]
Race
- People from African American and Hispanic or Latino race are more likely to have association with Adhesive capsulitis.[17]
Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of adhesive capsulitis are mentioned below[3][4][2][5][6]:
- Gender: female
- Age: 40-59 years
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Preexistent shoulder joint dysfunction
- History of trauma
- Immobilization
- HLA-B27
- Dysfunctional thyroid gland
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Fibromatosis resulting in dupuytren's contracture
- Cerebrovascular attack, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease
- Parkinson's disease
- surgery to neck/brain/heart
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
- Adhesive capsulitis has clinical features occurin in three distinctive phases. Phases are elaborated below[18][1]:
- Stage 1 or Inflammatory phase or Painful phase: Acute onset of pain with minimal limitation of joint in first three months of frozen shoulder.
- Stage 2 or Synovial proliferation phase or Freezing phase: from three to nine months there may be pain with severe intensity with decreased range of active and passive motion.
- Stage 3 or Maturation phase with collagenous tissue deposition or Frozen or transitional phase: Marked stiffness with decreased natural swinging of upper extremity in next ninth to fourteenth month of diagnosis.
- Stage 4 or Chronic phase or Thawing phase: Frozen shoulder may resolve spontaneously, thus R j Neviaser and T J Neviaser called it thawing phase, but in recent studies it was shown that it may persist as chronic phase.
- If left untreated, Adhesive capsulitis may progress to develop in contralateral shoulder.
- Common complications of adhesive capsulitis include pain and stiffness for long duration, Bicep tendon rupture, Humeral bone fracture.
- Prognosis is generally good and it may resolved within one to three years spontaneously or if treatment is given early with capsulotomy.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
- The diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis is a diagnosis of exclusion and is made when the following diagnostic criteria are met after evaluating four components according to recent guideline from the Orthopedic section of the American physical therapy association[19]:
- Evaluation/Intervention Component 1 : Medical screening
- Evaluation/Intervention Component 2 : Evaluating differential diagnosis with clinical features.
- Evaluation/Intervention Component 3 : Irritability level diagnosis
- Evaluation/Intervention Component 4: Appropriate intervention
Symptoms
- Symptoms of adhesive capsulitis may include the following:
- Diffuse Pain and stiffness of shoulder
- Loss of active and passive range of motion with limited overhead activity
- Loss of natural swing of arm
- Weakness of affected upper extremity
- Adhesive capsulitis has clinical features occurin in three distinctive phases. Phases are elaborated below[18][1]:
- Stage 1 or Inflammatory phase or Painful phase: Acute onset of pain with minimal limitation of joint in first three months of frozen shoulder.
- Stage 2 or Synovial proliferation phase or Freezing phase: from three to nine months there may be pain with severe intensity with decreased range of active and passive motion.
- Stage 3 or Maturation phase with collagenous tissue deposition or Frozen or transitional phase: Marked stiffness with decreased natural swinging of upper extremity in next ninth to fourteenth month of diagnosis.
- Stage 4 or Chronic phase or Thawing phase: Frozen shoulder may resolve spontaneously, thus R j Neviaser and T J Neviaser called it thawing phase, but in recent studies it was shown that it may persist as chronic phase.
Physical Examination
- Physician should examine patient by measuring The ASES/The DASH/The SPADI/The Constant score. Physical examination may be remarkable for following signs:
- Mild atrophy of deltoid muscla and supraspinatous muscle with adducted, internally rotated arm on inspection
- Poorly localized diffuse tenderness at shoulder joint on palpation.
- Loss of active and passive range of motion at shoulder joint.
- Complete loss of external rotation
Laboratory Findings
- There are no specific laboratory findings associated with adhesive capsulitis as diagnosis is clinical in additional confirmatory imaging fidings.
Electrocardiogram
There are no ECG findings associated with adhesive capsulitis.
X-ray
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with adhesive capsulitis.
OR
Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
MRI
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
OR
There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
Other Imaging Findings
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].
OR
[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Other Diagnostic Studies
- [Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
- Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
Treatment
Medical Therapy
- There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
- The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
- [Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
- Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
Surgery
- Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
- [Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
- [Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
Prevention
- There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
- Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].
- Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
Related Chapters
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Le HV, Lee SJ, Nazarian A, Rodriguez EK (April 2017). "Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: review of pathophysiology and current clinical treatments". Shoulder Elbow. 9 (2): 75–84. doi:10.1177/1758573216676786. PMC 5384535. PMID 28405218.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Dias R, Cutts S, Massoud S (December 2005). "Frozen shoulder". BMJ. 331 (7530): 1453–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7530.1453. PMC 1315655. PMID 16356983.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bailie DS, Llinas PJ, Ellenbecker TS (January 2008). "Cementless humeral resurfacing arthroplasty in active patients less than fifty-five years of age". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 90 (1): 110–7. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.01552. PMID 18171964.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 McAlister I, Sems SA (April 2016). "Arthrofibrosis After Periarticular Fracture Fixation". Orthop Clin North Am. 47 (2): 345–55. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2015.09.003. PMID 26772943.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Griggs SM, Ahn A, Green A (October 2000). "Idiopathic adhesive capsulitis. A prospective functional outcome study of nonoperative treatment". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 82 (10): 1398–407. PMID 11057467.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Bunker TD, Anthony PP (September 1995). "The pathology of frozen shoulder. A Dupuytren-like disease". J Bone Joint Surg Br. 77 (5): 677–83. PMID 7559688.
- ↑ Lubis AM, Lubis VK (July 2013). "Matrix metalloproteinase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in frozen shoulder, and their changes as response to intensive stretching and supervised neglect exercise". J Orthop Sci. 18 (4): 519–27. doi:10.1007/s00776-013-0387-0. PMID 23604641.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Hand GC, Athanasou NA, Matthews T, Carr AJ (July 2007). "The pathology of frozen shoulder". J Bone Joint Surg Br. 89 (7): 928–32. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.89B7.19097. PMID 17673588.
- ↑ Kim YS, Kim JM, Lee YG, Hong OK, Kwon HS, Ji JH (February 2013). "Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is increased in adhesive capsulitis". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95 (4): e181–8. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.00525. PMID 23426775.
- ↑ Raykha CN, Crawford JD, Burry AF, Drosdowech DS, Faber KJ, Gan BS, O'Gorman DB (August 2014). "IGF2 expression and β-catenin levels are increased in Frozen Shoulder Syndrome". Clin Invest Med. 37 (4): E262–7. doi:10.25011/cim.v37i4.21733. PMID 25090267.
- ↑ Kanbe K, Inoue K, Inoue Y, Chen Q (January 2009). "Inducement of mitogen-activated protein kinases in frozen shoulders". J Orthop Sci. 14 (1): 56–61. doi:10.1007/s00776-008-1295-6. PMC 2893737. PMID 19214689.
- ↑ Xu Y, Bonar F, Murrell GA (October 2012). "Enhanced expression of neuronal proteins in idiopathic frozen shoulder". J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 21 (10): 1391–7. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.046. PMID 22005128.
- ↑ Watson RS, Gouze E, Levings PP, Bush ML, Kay JD, Jorgensen MS, Dacanay EA, Reith JW, Wright TW, Ghivizzani SC (November 2010). "Gene delivery of TGF-β1 induces arthrofibrosis and chondrometaplasia of synovium in vivo". Lab Invest. 90 (11): 1615–27. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2010.145. PMC 3724510. PMID 20697373.
- ↑ "Adhesive Capsulitis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf".
- ↑ Boyle-Walker KL, Gabard DL, Bietsch E, Masek-VanArsdale DM, Robinson BL (1997). "A profile of patients with adhesive capsulitis". J Hand Ther. 10 (3): 222–8. doi:10.1016/s0894-1130(97)80025-7. PMID 9268913.
- ↑ Sheridan MA, Hannafin JA (October 2006). "Upper extremity: emphasis on frozen shoulder". Orthop Clin North Am. 37 (4): 531–9. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2006.09.009. PMID 17141009.
- ↑ Kingston K, Curry EJ, Galvin JW, Li X (August 2018). "Shoulder adhesive capsulitis: epidemiology and predictors of surgery". J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 27 (8): 1437–1443. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2018.04.004. PMID 29807717.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Neviaser RJ, Neviaser TJ (October 1987). "The frozen shoulder. Diagnosis and management". Clin Orthop Relat Res (223): 59–64. PMID 3652593.
- ↑ "www.orthopt.org" (PDF).