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{{Major depressive disorder}}
{{Major depressive disorder}}
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions includes:
*[[Major depressive disorder]] with [[suicidal ideation]]
===Common Causes===
*[[Genetic|Genetic predisposition]]
*Life experiences
**[[Divorce]] or the end of a serious relationship
**[[Eating disorders]]
**Financial difficulties or [[poverty]]
**[[Gambling addiction]]
**[[Grief]] over the death of a child, spouse, other family members, or friends.
**Job loss or [[unemployment]]
**Loss of religious [[faith]]<ref>{{citation|title=The role of religion in depression|journal=Journal of Religion and Health|year=1972|publisher=Springer|author=NJC Andreasen}}</ref>
**Ongoing major health problems
***[[Rape]]
***[[Sexual dysfunction|Sexual difficulties]]
***[[Psychological trauma|Trauma]]
***[[Workplace stress|Work-related stress]]
*Medical conditions
**[[Cardiovascular disease]]<ref name="pmid15581413">{{cite journal |vauthors=Manev R, Manev H |title=5-Lipoxygenase as a putative link between cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders |journal=Crit Rev Neurobiol |volume=16 |issue=1-2 |pages=181–6 |date=2004 |pmid=15581413 |doi=10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v16.i12.190 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Hepatitis]]<ref name="pmid24644496">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alian S, Masoudzadeh A, Khoddad T, Dadashian A, Ali Mohammadpour R |title=Depression in hepatitis B and C, and its correlation with hepatitis drugs consumption (interfron/lamivodin/ribaverin) |journal=Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=24–9 |date=2013 |pmid=24644496 |pmc=3939977 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>:<br>There is a high prevalence of [[depression]] in patients with [[hepatitis B]] and [[hepatitis C]] infection, especially those who are on [[Interferon]] [[therapy]].
**[[Mononucleosis]]<ref name="Senior1999">{{cite journal|last1=Senior|first1=Kathryn|title=Anecdotal link between mononucleosis and depression disproved|journal=The Lancet|volume=353|issue=9148|year=1999|pages=214|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77225-1}}</ref><ref name="pmid3113655">{{cite journal |vauthors=White PD, Lewis SW |title=Delusional depression after infectious mononucleosis |journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) |volume=295 |issue=6590 |pages=97–8 |date=July 1987 |pmid=3113655 |pmc=1246972 |doi=10.1136/bmj.295.6590.97-a |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Hypothyroidism]]<ref name="pmid24847450">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dayan CM, Panicker V |title=Hypothyroidism and depression |journal=Eur Thyroid J |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=168–79 |date=September 2013 |pmid=24847450 |pmc=4017747 |doi=10.1159/000353777 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Sleep apnea]]<ref name="pmid29517078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jehan S, Auguste E, Pandi-Perumal SR, Kalinowski J, Myers AK, Zizi F, Rajanna MG, Jean-Louis G, McFarlane SI |title=Depression, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Psychosocial Health |journal=Sleep Med Disord |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages= |date=2017 |pmid=29517078 |pmc=5836734 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Fructose malabsorption]]<ref name="pmid9620891">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ledochowski M, Sperner-Unterweger B, Widner B, Fuchs D |title=Fructose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression |journal=Eur. J. Med. Res. |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=295–8 |date=June 1998 |pmid=9620891 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson disease]]<ref name="pmid24190780">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marsh L |title=Depression and Parkinson's disease: current knowledge |journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=409 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24190780 |pmc=4878671 |doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0409-5 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Multiple sclerosis|Multiple Sclerosis]] <ref name="pmid15774430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegert RJ, Abernethy DA |title=Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review |journal=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=469–75 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15774430 |pmc=1739575 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.054635 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Hormonal contraception]]<ref name="pmid27680324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skovlund CW, Mørch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard Ø |title=Association of Hormonal Contraception With Depression |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=1154–1162 |date=November 2016 |pmid=27680324 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Steroid|Steroids]]
**[[Addison's disease]]<ref name="pmid23198275">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abdel-Motleb M |title=The neuropsychiatric aspect of Addison's disease: a case report |journal=Innov Clin Neurosci |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=34–6 |date=October 2012 |pmid=23198275 |pmc=3508960 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Syphilis]]
**[[Post stroke depression|Post- stroke]]<ref name="pmid18728805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paolucci S |title=Epidemiology and treatment of post-stroke depression |journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=145–54 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18728805 |pmc=2515899 |doi=10.2147/ndt.s2017 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
**[[Diabetes mellitus|Diabetes Mellitus]]
*[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder]] (ADHD)<ref name="pmid26089578">{{cite journal |vauthors=Knouse LE, Zvorsky I, Safren SA |title=Depression in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Mediating Role of Cognitive-Behavioral Factors |journal=Cognit Ther Res |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1220–1232 |date=December 2013 |pmid=26089578 |pmc=4469239 |doi=10.1007/s10608-013-9569-5 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
*Dietary
**[[Alcohol]]
**Poor [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]]:<br>Deficiency of  [[Vitamin|vitamins]], [[Mineral|minerals]], and [[Omega-3 fatty acids|omega-3 fatty aci]]<nowiki/>[[Omega-3 fatty acids|d]]<nowiki/>s<ref name="pmid19742217">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao TS, Asha MR, Ramesh BN, Rao KS |title=Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=77–82 |date=April 2008 |pmid=19742217 |pmc=2738337 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.42391 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
*[[Seasonal affective disorder|Seasonal Affective Disorder]]:
*Due to production of excessive [[melatonin]]
*[[Postpartum Depression]]
*Drugs:<ref name="pmid28216784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gautam S, Jain A, Gautam M, Vahia VN, Grover S |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of Depression |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=59 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S34–S50 |date=January 2017 |pmid=28216784 |pmc=5310101 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.196973 |url= |issn=}}</ref>
**[[Cardiovascular]] drugs:<br>[[ACE inhibitor|ACEI]],[[Calcium channel blocker|Calcium Channel blockers]],[[Digitalis]],[[Clonidine]], [[Hydralazine]],[[Methyldopa|Methyl-dopa]], [[Procainamide]],[[Propranolol|Propanolol]],[[Thiazide]] and [[Diuretic|Zolamide diuretics]], [[Reserpine]]
**[[Antiparkinsonian|Anti-parkinsonian]] drugs: <br>[[Levodopa]], [[Amantadine]], [[Bromocriptine]]
**[[Anticonvulsants|Anti-convulsants]]:<br>[[Ethosuximide]], [[Phenobarbital]], [[Phenytoin]],[[Vigabatrin]],[[Tiagabine]]
**[[Anti-psychotic]]: <br>[[Fluphenazine]],[[Haloperidol]]
**[[Chemotherapeutics]]:<br>[[Azathioprine]], [[Bleomycin]], [[Cisplatin]],[[Cyclophosphamide]], [[Vinblastine]], [[Vincristine]]
**[[Stimulants]]: <br>[[Amphetamine]] [[Withdrawal syndrome|withdrawal]], [[Cocaine]] [[Withdrawal syndrome|withdrawal]]
**[[AIDS antiretroviral drugs|Anti-retroviral]]:<br>[[Atazanavir]][[Efavirenz|,Efavirenz]], [[Zidovudine]], [[Saquinavir]]
**[[Sedative]] and [[anxiolytics]]: <br>[[Barbiturate|Barbiturates]], [[Ethanol]], [[Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepines]]

Revision as of 09:03, 25 May 2021


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  1. ↑ NJC Andreasen (1972), "The role of religion in depression", Journal of Religion and Health, Springer
  2. ↑ Manev R, Manev H (2004). "5-Lipoxygenase as a putative link between cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders". Crit Rev Neurobiol. 16 (1–2): 181–6. doi:10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v16.i12.190. PMID 15581413.
  3. ↑ Alian S, Masoudzadeh A, Khoddad T, Dadashian A, Ali Mohammadpour R (2013). "Depression in hepatitis B and C, and its correlation with hepatitis drugs consumption (interfron/lamivodin/ribaverin)". Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 7 (1): 24–9. PMC 3939977. PMID 24644496.
  4. ↑ Senior, Kathryn (1999). "Anecdotal link between mononucleosis and depression disproved". The Lancet. 353 (9148): 214. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77225-1. ISSN 0140-6736.
  5. ↑ White PD, Lewis SW (July 1987). "Delusional depression after infectious mononucleosis". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 295 (6590): 97–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6590.97-a. PMC 1246972. PMID 3113655.
  6. ↑ Dayan CM, Panicker V (September 2013). "Hypothyroidism and depression". Eur Thyroid J. 2 (3): 168–79. doi:10.1159/000353777. PMC 4017747. PMID 24847450.
  7. ↑ Jehan S, Auguste E, Pandi-Perumal SR, Kalinowski J, Myers AK, Zizi F, Rajanna MG, Jean-Louis G, McFarlane SI (2017). "Depression, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Psychosocial Health". Sleep Med Disord. 1 (3). PMC 5836734. PMID 29517078.
  8. ↑ Ledochowski M, Sperner-Unterweger B, Widner B, Fuchs D (June 1998). "Fructose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression". Eur. J. Med. Res. 3 (6): 295–8. PMID 9620891.
  9. ↑ Marsh L (December 2013). "Depression and Parkinson's disease: current knowledge". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 13 (12): 409. doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0409-5. PMC 4878671. PMID 24190780.
  10. ↑ Siegert RJ, Abernethy DA (April 2005). "Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 76 (4): 469–75. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.054635. PMC 1739575. PMID 15774430.
  11. ↑ Skovlund CW, Mørch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard Ø (November 2016). "Association of Hormonal Contraception With Depression". JAMA Psychiatry. 73 (11): 1154–1162. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387. PMID 27680324.
  12. ↑ Abdel-Motleb M (October 2012). "The neuropsychiatric aspect of Addison's disease: a case report". Innov Clin Neurosci. 9 (10): 34–6. PMC 3508960. PMID 23198275.
  13. ↑ Paolucci S (February 2008). "Epidemiology and treatment of post-stroke depression". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 4 (1): 145–54. doi:10.2147/ndt.s2017. PMC 2515899. PMID 18728805.
  14. ↑ Knouse LE, Zvorsky I, Safren SA (December 2013). "Depression in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): The Mediating Role of Cognitive-Behavioral Factors". Cognit Ther Res. 37 (6): 1220–1232. doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9569-5. PMC 4469239. PMID 26089578.
  15. ↑ Rao TS, Asha MR, Ramesh BN, Rao KS (April 2008). "Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses". Indian J Psychiatry. 50 (2): 77–82. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.42391. PMC 2738337. PMID 19742217.
  16. ↑ Gautam S, Jain A, Gautam M, Vahia VN, Grover S (January 2017). "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of Depression". Indian J Psychiatry. 59 (Suppl 1): S34–S50. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.196973. PMC 5310101. PMID 28216784.
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