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{{Itch}}
{{Itch}}
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{{CMG}} [[Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD]]
 
==Overview==
There are many causes of itching. Examples include skin diseases, systemic diseases, allergies, medications, insect stings among many others


==Causes==
==Causes==
The feeling of itchiness can be caused by a movement of hair or the release of a chemical ([[histamine]]) from cells under the skin. Itchiness is regarded as protective, as it helps creatures remove [[parasites]] that land on their skin.
The feeling of itchiness can be caused by a movement of hair or the release of a chemical ([[histamine]]) from cells under the skin. Itchiness is regarded as protective, as it helps creatures remove [[parasites]] that land on their skin.


Itching can be caused by:
Causes of itching listed in alphabetical order:
*[[Xerosis]]. This is the most common cause, frequently seen in winters.  Associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high temperature and low humidity environments.
 
* [[Dermatology|Skin conditions]] (such as [[psoriasis]], [[eczema]], [[sunburn]], [[athlete's foot]] and many others). Most are of an inflammatory nature.
* Allergic reactions due to contact with specific chemicals, such as [[Urushiol]] from Poison Ivy or Poison Oak.
* Insect bites, such as those from mosquitos or chiggers.
* [[Cholestasis]] <ref name="pmid22613002">{{cite journal| author=Decock S, Roelandts R, Steenbergen WV, Laleman W, Cassiman D, Verslype C | display-authors=etal| title=Cholestasis-induced pruritus treated with ultraviolet B phototherapy: an observational case series study. | journal=J Hepatol | year= 2012 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= 637-41 | pmid=22613002 | doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.023 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22613002  }} </ref>
* Allergic reactions to contact with specific chemicals, such as [[Urushiol]] from Poison Ivy or Poison Oak.
* [[Dermatology|Skin conditions]] (such as [[psoriasis]], [[eczema]], [[sunburn]], [[athlete's foot]], [[Dandruff]] and many others). Most are of an inflammatory nature.
* [[Hodgkin's disease]]
* [[Diabetes Mellitus]]<ref name="pmid3731993">{{cite journal| author=Neilly JB, Martin A, Simpson N, MacCuish AC| title=Pruritus in diabetes mellitus: investigation of prevalence and correlation with diabetes control. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1986 | volume= 9 | issue= 3 | pages= 273-5 | pmid=3731993 | doi=10.2337/diacare.9.3.273 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3731993  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid18092842">{{cite journal| author=Polat M, Oztas P, Ilhan MN, Yalçin B, Alli N| title=Generalized pruritus: a prospective study concerning etiology. | journal=Am J Clin Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 9 | issue= 1 | pages= 39-44 | pmid=18092842 | doi=10.2165/00128071-200809010-00004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18092842  }} </ref>
* [[Jaundice]] ([[bilirubin]] is a skin irritant at high concentrations)
* Drug Side Effect- [[acamprosate calcium]], [[acetaminophen]], [[acetylcysteine]], [[acitretin]], [[aldesleukin]], [[alitretinoin]], [[aprepitant]], [[azficel-T]], betamethasone valerate]], [[bicalutamide]], [[butorphanol]], [[capsaicin]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[cetrorelix]], [[Ceftazidime]], [[clocortolone pivalate]], [[conjugated estrogens]], [[D-Aminolevulinic acid]], [[denileukin diftitox]],  [[docetaxel]], [[doxorubicin Hydrochloride]], [[diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate]], [[ecallantide]], [[epinastine hydrochloride]], [[epirubicin ]], [[ergotamine tartrate]], [[ethambutol]], [[felbamate]], [[fosphenytoin sodium]], [[gallium Citrate Ga 67]], [[halcinonide]], [[Histrelin]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[hydrocodone bitartrate]], [[hydrocortisone butyrate]], [[Hydroxyprogesterone caproate]], [[Idursulfase]], [[imiglucerase]], [[ipilimumab]], [[ivermectin]], [[ketorolac tromethamine]], [[lidocaine (cream)]], [[meropenem]], [[mometasone furoate]], [[morphine]],[[naproxen sodium]], [[nivolumab]], [[ofloxacin]], [[omega-3-acid ethyl esters]], [[panitumumab]], [[Penciclovir]], [[piroxicam]], [[permethrin]], [[ribavirin]], [[rifampin]], [[sargramostim]], [[sertaconazole]], [[siltuximab]], [[sinecatechins]], [[sodium aurothiomalate]], [[spironolactone]], [[sulconazole]], [[tacrolimus]],[[taliglucerase alfa]] [[tazarotene]], [[thallous Chloride Tl 201]], [[tolbutamide]], [[travoprost]], [[tretinoin]], [[triazolam]], [[Trimethoprim]], [[Von Willebrand factor]]
* [[Polycythemia]], which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamine
* [[Hodgkin's disease]] <ref name="pmid20231735">{{cite journal| author=Gonçalves F| title=Thalidomide for the control of severe paraneoplastic pruritus associated with Hodgkin's disease. | journal=Am J Hosp Palliat Care | year= 2010 | volume= 27 | issue= 7 | pages= 486-7 | pmid=20231735 | doi=10.1177/1049909110362523 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20231735  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid6630598">{{cite journal| author=Kantor GR, Lookingbill DP| title=Generalized pruritus and systemic disease. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1983 | volume= 9 | issue= 3 | pages= 375-82 | pmid=6630598 | doi=10.1016/s0190-9622(83)70144-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6630598  }} </ref>
* [[Scabies]] or infection with [[lice]] or worms
* [[Iron deficiency]] [[anemia]] <ref name="pmid7280639">{{cite journal| author=Stäubli M| title=[Pruritus--a little known iron-deficiency symptom]. | journal=Schweiz Med Wochenschr | year= 1981 | volume= 111 | issue= 38 | pages= 1394-8 | pmid=7280639 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7280639  }} </ref>
* [[Thyroid]] illness
* Insect bites, such as those from mosquitos, ants, and ticks.
* [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
* [[Jaundice]] as ([[bilirubin]] is a skin irritant at high concentrations)
* [[Dandruff]] (an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation)
* Drug Side Effect- [[acetaminophen]], [[Acitretin]], [[Aldesleukin]], [[Alitretinoin]], [[Azficel-T]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[Cetrorelix]], [[Clocortolone pivalate]], [[D-Aminolevulinic acid]], [[Denileukin diftitox]],  [[Docetaxel]], [[Doxorubicin Hydrochloride]], [[Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate]], [[Ecallantide]], [[Epirubicin ]], [[Gallium Citrate Ga 67]], [[Halcinonide]], [[Hydrocortisone butyrate]], [[Penciclovir]], [[Ergotamine tartrate]], [[Ethambutol]], [[Histrelin]], [[Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen]], [[Hydroxyprogesterone caproate]], [[Idursulfase]], [[Imiglucerase]], [[Ketorolac tromethamine]], [[Lidocaine (cream)]], [[Meropenem]], [[Mometasone furoate]],[[Naproxen sodium]], [[Nivolumab]], [[Panitumumab]], [[Piroxicam]], [[permethrin]], [[Ribavirin]], [[Sinecatechins]], [[Sulconazole]], [[Tacrolimus]], [[Thallous Chloride Tl 201]], [[Trimethoprim]], [[Von Willebrand factor]]
* [[Iron deficiency]] [[anemia]]
* Parasitic infections
* Parasitic infections
* [[Photodermatitis]] – sunlight reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites
* [[Polycythemia]], which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamine as a result of higher numbers of mast cells
* [[Psychiatric]]
* [[Psychiatric]]
* Medication:
** [[Allergy]] - (due to reaction of an individual's immune system to certain chemical compounds)
**[[Aprepitant]]
**[[Butorphanol]]
**[[Ceftazidime]]
**[[Diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate]]
** [[Photodermatitis]] – (sun)light reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites
** Directly (e.g. [[morphine]])
** Other drugs- [[Ofloxacin]], [[Tretinoin]] ,[[capsaicin]], [[Rifampin]]
**[[Lovaza]]
**[[Sargramostim]]
**[[Sertaconazole]]
**[[Siltuximab]]
**[[Sodium aurothiomalate]]
**[[Sorafenib]]
**[[Triazolam]]
**[[Tazarotene]]
**[[Travoprost]]
*[[Cholestasis]]
* Related to pregnancy:
* Related to pregnancy:
** [[Gestational pemphigoid]]
** [[Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy]] (PUPPP)
** [[Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy]] (PUPPP)
** [[Gestational pemphigoid]]
* [[Scabies]] or infection with [[lice]] or worms
*Drug side effects: [[Acamprosate calcium]], [[Acetaminophen]], [[Acetylcysteine]], [[Betamethasone dipropionate]], Betamethasone valerate]], [[Cetrorelix]], [[Conjugated estrogens]], [[epinastine hydrochloride]], [[Betamethasone valerate]], [[Betamethasone dipropionate]], [[Felbamate]], [[Fosphenytoin sodium]], [[Ipilimumab]],[[Spironolactone]], [[Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[Ivermectin]], [[Tolbutamide]],[[taliglucerase alfa]] .
* [[Thyroid]] illness
* [[Uremia]] <ref name="pmid18446709">{{cite journal| author=Narita I, Iguchi S, Omori K, Gejyo F| title=Uremic pruritus in chronic hemodialysis patients. | journal=J Nephrol | year= 2008 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 161-5 | pmid=18446709 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18446709  }} </ref>
*[[Xerosis]] which is dryness of the skin, is the most common cause of itching and is frequently seen in winters. Associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high temperature and low humidity environments.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 10:05, 25 May 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Ogechukwu Hannah Nnabude, MD

Overview

There are many causes of itching. Examples include skin diseases, systemic diseases, allergies, medications, insect stings among many others

Causes

The feeling of itchiness can be caused by a movement of hair or the release of a chemical (histamine) from cells under the skin. Itchiness is regarded as protective, as it helps creatures remove parasites that land on their skin.

Causes of itching listed in alphabetical order:

References

  1. ↑ Decock S, Roelandts R, Steenbergen WV, Laleman W, Cassiman D, Verslype C; et al. (2012). "Cholestasis-induced pruritus treated with ultraviolet B phototherapy: an observational case series study". J Hepatol. 57 (3): 637–41. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.023. PMID 22613002.
  2. ↑ Neilly JB, Martin A, Simpson N, MacCuish AC (1986). "Pruritus in diabetes mellitus: investigation of prevalence and correlation with diabetes control". Diabetes Care. 9 (3): 273–5. doi:10.2337/diacare.9.3.273. PMID 3731993.
  3. ↑ Polat M, Oztas P, Ilhan MN, Yalçin B, Alli N (2008). "Generalized pruritus: a prospective study concerning etiology". Am J Clin Dermatol. 9 (1): 39–44. doi:10.2165/00128071-200809010-00004. PMID 18092842.
  4. ↑ Gonçalves F (2010). "Thalidomide for the control of severe paraneoplastic pruritus associated with Hodgkin's disease". Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 27 (7): 486–7. doi:10.1177/1049909110362523. PMID 20231735.
  5. ↑ Kantor GR, Lookingbill DP (1983). "Generalized pruritus and systemic disease". J Am Acad Dermatol. 9 (3): 375–82. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(83)70144-1. PMID 6630598.
  6. ↑ Stäubli M (1981). "[Pruritus--a little known iron-deficiency symptom]". Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 111 (38): 1394–8. PMID 7280639.
  7. ↑ Narita I, Iguchi S, Omori K, Gejyo F (2008). "Uremic pruritus in chronic hemodialysis patients". J Nephrol. 21 (2): 161–5. PMID 18446709.

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