Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis''' (also known as "Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis"<ref name="Fitz2">Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.</ref>{{rp|782}}) ( | '''Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis''' (also known as "Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis"<ref name="Fitz2">Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.</ref>{{rp|782}}) (CNCH) is a small, nodular, tender, chronic inflammatory lesion occurring on the helix of the ear, occurring most often in men.<ref name="Andrews">James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.</ref>{{rp|610}} | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
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*Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis was first discovered by Max Winkler, a dermatologist, in 1915, in a paper titled Knötchenförmige Erkrankung am Helix . <ref name="pmid21276202">{{cite journal| author=Wagner G, Liefeith J, Sachse MM| title=Clinical appearance, differential diagnoses and therapeutical options of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis Winkler. | journal=J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | year= 2011 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-91 | pmid=21276202 | doi=10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07601.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21276202 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27399947">{{cite journal| author=Kechichian E, Jabbour S, Haber R, Abdelmassih Y, Tomb R| title=Management of Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis: A Systematic Review and Treatment Algorithm. | journal=Dermatol Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 42 | issue= 10 | pages= 1125-34 | pmid=27399947 | doi=10.1097/DSS.0000000000000817 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27399947 }}</ref> | *Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis was first discovered by Max Winkler, a dermatologist, in 1915, in a paper titled Knötchenförmige Erkrankung am Helix . <ref name="pmid21276202">{{cite journal| author=Wagner G, Liefeith J, Sachse MM| title=Clinical appearance, differential diagnoses and therapeutical options of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis Winkler. | journal=J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | year= 2011 | volume= 9 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-91 | pmid=21276202 | doi=10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07601.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21276202 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27399947">{{cite journal| author=Kechichian E, Jabbour S, Haber R, Abdelmassih Y, Tomb R| title=Management of Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis: A Systematic Review and Treatment Algorithm. | journal=Dermatol Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 42 | issue= 10 | pages= 1125-34 | pmid=27399947 | doi=10.1097/DSS.0000000000000817 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27399947 }}</ref> | ||
*in 1925, Foerster further developed the clinical, microscopic and treatment options for | *in 1925, Foerster further developed the clinical, microscopic and treatment options for CNCH. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
*The pathophysiology of Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis remains unclear. It may be due to an inflammatory condition from chronic pressure on ear | *The pathophysiology of Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis remains unclear. It may be due to an inflammatory condition from chronic pressure on helix of the ear, but can occur on anti-helix too. | ||
* | *CNCH is seen mostly in elderly men. There are few cases seen in women and young, especially when CNCH is associated with autoimmune or connective tissue disorders. <ref name="pmid29926164">{{cite journal| author=García-García B, Munguía-Calzada P, Aubán-Pariente J, Junceda-Antuña S, Zaballos P, Argenziano G | display-authors=etal| title=Dermoscopy of chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. | journal=Arch Dermatol Res | year= 2018 | volume= 310 | issue= 7 | pages= 551-560 | pmid=29926164 | doi=10.1007/s00403-018-1844-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29926164 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29805936">{{cite journal| author=Salah H, Urso B, Khachemoune A| title=Review of the Etiopathogenesis and Management Options of Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Chronica Helicis. | journal=Cureus | year= 2018 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= e2367 | pmid=29805936 | doi=10.7759/cureus.2367 | pmc=5969795 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29805936 }}</ref><ref name="pmid28217474">{{cite journal| author=Kumar P, Barkat R| title=Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. | journal=Indian Dermatol Online J | year= 2017 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 48-49 | pmid=28217474 | doi=10.4103/2229-5178.198767 | pmc=5297272 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28217474 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27723195">{{cite journal| author=Shah S, Fiala KH| title=Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: A review of current therapies. | journal=Dermatol Ther | year= 2017 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= | pmid=27723195 | doi=10.1111/dth.12434 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27723195 }}</ref> | ||
*The anatomy of ear pinna can contribute to the pathophysiology of | *The anatomy of ear pinna can contribute to the pathophysiology of CNCH. The pinna has limited blood supply and little subcutaneous tissue, which easily lead to formation of sore with pressure or trauma or cold temperature. <ref name="pmid29210713">{{cite journal| author=Elsensohn A, Getty S, Shiu J, de Feraudy S| title=Intradermal Proliferative Fasciitis Occurring With Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2018 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 | pages= 139-141 | pmid=29210713 | doi=10.1097/DAD.0000000000001027 | pmc=6075668 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29210713 }}</ref> | ||
*In 2009, Perichondrium vasculitis theory explained above anatomical features. Because of the vasculature and subcutaneous tissue padding limitations, there is easy development of ischemia and necrosis of underlying cartilage, causing a severe inflammatory condition, leading to | *In 2009, Perichondrium vasculitis theory explained above anatomical features. Because of the vasculature and subcutaneous tissue padding limitations, there is easy development of ischemia and necrosis of underlying cartilage, causing a severe inflammatory condition, leading to CNCH. <ref name="pmid282174742">{{cite journal| author=Kumar P, Barkat R| title=Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. | journal=Indian Dermatol Online J | year= 2017 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 48-49 | pmid=28217474 | doi=10.4103/2229-5178.198767 | pmc=5297272 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28217474 }}</ref><ref name="pmid277231952">{{cite journal| author=Shah S, Fiala KH| title=Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: A review of current therapies. | journal=Dermatol Ther | year= 2017 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= | pmid=27723195 | doi=10.1111/dth.12434 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27723195 }}</ref> | ||
*On gross pathology, | *There could be a possibility of genetic relation to disease, as observed in a case of monozygotic twins, but not studied enough to make a point. <ref name="pmid19175786">{{cite journal| author=Chan HP, Neuhaus IM, Maibach HI| title=Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis in monozygotic twins. | journal=Clin Exp Dermatol | year= 2009 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 358-9 | pmid=19175786 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02915.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19175786 }}</ref> | ||
*On gross pathology, CNCH looks like any other sore. Microscopically, it shows hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis with epithelial hyperplasia, dermal tissue damage with underlying cartilage destruction and dermal vessel proliferation. <ref name="pmid277231953">{{cite journal| author=Shah S, Fiala KH| title=Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: A review of current therapies. | journal=Dermatol Ther | year= 2017 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= | pmid=27723195 | doi=10.1111/dth.12434 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27723195 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26925262">{{cite journal| author=Juul Nielsen L, Holkmann Olsen C, Lock-Andersen J| title=Therapeutic Options of Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis. | journal=Plast Surg Int | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= | pages= 4340168 | pmid=26925262 | doi=10.1155/2016/4340168 | pmc=4748103 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26925262 }}</ref> | |||
==Causes[edit | edit source]== | ==Causes[edit | edit source]== | ||
| Line 35: | Line 36: | ||
==Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases[edit | edit source]== | ==Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases[edit | edit source]== | ||
*Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a bump on the ear, such as: | *Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis can present as painful nodular lesion with central crust, so it must be differentiated from Basal cell carcinoma which is generally painless and with more vascularity. | ||
*It must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a bump on the ear, such as: | |||
:*Actinic Keratosis | :*Actinic Keratosis | ||
:*Keratoacanthoma | :*Keratoacanthoma | ||
:*Squamous cell carcinoma | :*Squamous cell carcinoma | ||
| Line 49: | Line 50: | ||
===Age[edit | edit source]=== | ===Age[edit | edit source]=== | ||
* | *CNCH is more commonly observed among patients aged 50-80 years old, but has been seen in young adults and children too. <ref name="pmid15811116">{{cite journal| author=Magro CM, Frambach GE, Crowson AN| title=Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis as a marker of internal disease [corrected] associated with microvascular injury. | journal=J Cutan Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 329-33 | pmid=15811116 | doi=10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00317.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15811116 }}</ref> Unilateral occurrence is more common. | ||
===Gender[edit | edit source]=== | ===Gender[edit | edit source]=== | ||
* | *CNCH is seen mostly in elderly men, but may occur with women and children too. | ||
===Race[edit | edit source]=== | ===Race[edit | edit source]=== | ||
*There is no racial predilection for | *There is no racial predilection for CNCH, but is seen more commonly in fair skinned with sun exposure. | ||
==Risk Factors[edit | edit source]== | ==Risk Factors[edit | edit source]== | ||
*Common risk factors in the development of | *Common risk factors in the development of CNCH are pressure, trauma, sun damage, and systemic conditions. | ||
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis[edit | edit source]== | ==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis[edit | edit source]== | ||
*Early clinical features include just a painful sore. Spontaneous resolution is rare. | |||
*Early clinical features include | *Prognosis is generally very good with treatment, although long term morbidity is common. Remissions can be seen when undertreated. | ||
*Prognosis is generally | |||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
Revision as of 17:28, 28 July 2021
_
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Karnik Raju Paila Bangaru, M.B.B.S.[2] Kiran Singh, M.D. [3]
Synonyms and keywords:Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis, winkler disease, ear pressure sore, chondrodermatitis nodularis auricularis
Overview
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (also known as "Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis"[1]:782) (CNCH) is a small, nodular, tender, chronic inflammatory lesion occurring on the helix of the ear, occurring most often in men.[2]:610
Historical Perspective[edit | edit source]
- Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis was first discovered by Max Winkler, a dermatologist, in 1915, in a paper titled Knötchenförmige Erkrankung am Helix . [3][4]
- in 1925, Foerster further developed the clinical, microscopic and treatment options for CNCH.
Pathophysiology
- The pathophysiology of Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis remains unclear. It may be due to an inflammatory condition from chronic pressure on helix of the ear, but can occur on anti-helix too.
- CNCH is seen mostly in elderly men. There are few cases seen in women and young, especially when CNCH is associated with autoimmune or connective tissue disorders. [5][6][7][8]
- The anatomy of ear pinna can contribute to the pathophysiology of CNCH. The pinna has limited blood supply and little subcutaneous tissue, which easily lead to formation of sore with pressure or trauma or cold temperature. [9]
- In 2009, Perichondrium vasculitis theory explained above anatomical features. Because of the vasculature and subcutaneous tissue padding limitations, there is easy development of ischemia and necrosis of underlying cartilage, causing a severe inflammatory condition, leading to CNCH. [10][11]
- There could be a possibility of genetic relation to disease, as observed in a case of monozygotic twins, but not studied enough to make a point. [12]
- On gross pathology, CNCH looks like any other sore. Microscopically, it shows hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis with epithelial hyperplasia, dermal tissue damage with underlying cartilage destruction and dermal vessel proliferation. [13][14]
Causes[edit | edit source]
- Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis may be caused due to chronic pressure or trauma or anatomic features or temperature changes or actinic damage to the ear. Prolonged pressure seemed the most commonly reported cause. Sleeping on the one side can cause this pressure.
- Other causes can be continuous use of headphones/ ear phones/ cell phones, hearing aids, or can be idiopathic. There are some theories on association with autoimmune disorders and connective tissue diseases like scleroderma, autoimmune thyroiditis, lupus erythematosus, or dermatomyositis. [15][16][17][18]
Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases[edit | edit source]
- Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis can present as painful nodular lesion with central crust, so it must be differentiated from Basal cell carcinoma which is generally painless and with more vascularity.
- It must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a bump on the ear, such as:
- Actinic Keratosis
- Keratoacanthoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Gouty tophi
Epidemiology and Demographics[edit | edit source]
- The disease is much common than it is reported.
Age[edit | edit source]
- CNCH is more commonly observed among patients aged 50-80 years old, but has been seen in young adults and children too. [19] Unilateral occurrence is more common.
Gender[edit | edit source]
- CNCH is seen mostly in elderly men, but may occur with women and children too.
Race[edit | edit source]
- There is no racial predilection for CNCH, but is seen more commonly in fair skinned with sun exposure.
Risk Factors[edit | edit source]
- Common risk factors in the development of CNCH are pressure, trauma, sun damage, and systemic conditions.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis[edit | edit source]
- Early clinical features include just a painful sore. Spontaneous resolution is rare.
- Prognosis is generally very good with treatment, although long term morbidity is common. Remissions can be seen when undertreated.
Diagnosis
Physical Examination
Skin
Ear
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/6/6f/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis01.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/1/12/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis02.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/0/0e/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis03.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/d/d8/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis04.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/9/94/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis05.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/e/e9/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis06.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/d/d5/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis07.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/f/f0/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis08.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/9/9e/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis09.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
-
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/images/b/bf/Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis10.jpg)
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis01.jpg)
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis02.jpg)
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis03.jpg)
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis04.jpg)
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis05.jpg)
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis06.jpg)
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis07.jpg)
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis08.jpg)
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis09.jpg)
![Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.[20]](/index.php/File:Chondrodermatitis_nodularis_chronica_helicis10.jpg)
References
- ↑ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
- ↑ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ↑ Wagner G, Liefeith J, Sachse MM (2011). "Clinical appearance, differential diagnoses and therapeutical options of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis Winkler". J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 9 (4): 287–91. doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07601.x. PMID 21276202.
- ↑ Kechichian E, Jabbour S, Haber R, Abdelmassih Y, Tomb R (2016). "Management of Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis: A Systematic Review and Treatment Algorithm". Dermatol Surg. 42 (10): 1125–34. doi:10.1097/DSS.0000000000000817. PMID 27399947.
- ↑ García-García B, Munguía-Calzada P, Aubán-Pariente J, Junceda-Antuña S, Zaballos P, Argenziano G; et al. (2018). "Dermoscopy of chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis". Arch Dermatol Res. 310 (7): 551–560. doi:10.1007/s00403-018-1844-6. PMID 29926164.
- ↑ Salah H, Urso B, Khachemoune A (2018). "Review of the Etiopathogenesis and Management Options of Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Chronica Helicis". Cureus. 10 (3): e2367. doi:10.7759/cureus.2367. PMC 5969795. PMID 29805936.
- ↑ Kumar P, Barkat R (2017). "Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis". Indian Dermatol Online J. 8 (1): 48–49. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.198767. PMC 5297272. PMID 28217474.
- ↑ Shah S, Fiala KH (2017). "Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: A review of current therapies". Dermatol Ther. 30 (1). doi:10.1111/dth.12434. PMID 27723195.
- ↑ Elsensohn A, Getty S, Shiu J, de Feraudy S (2018). "Intradermal Proliferative Fasciitis Occurring With Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis". Am J Dermatopathol. 40 (2): 139–141. doi:10.1097/DAD.0000000000001027. PMC 6075668. PMID 29210713.
- ↑ Kumar P, Barkat R (2017). "Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis". Indian Dermatol Online J. 8 (1): 48–49. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.198767. PMC 5297272. PMID 28217474.
- ↑ Shah S, Fiala KH (2017). "Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: A review of current therapies". Dermatol Ther. 30 (1). doi:10.1111/dth.12434. PMID 27723195.
- ↑ Chan HP, Neuhaus IM, Maibach HI (2009). "Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis in monozygotic twins". Clin Exp Dermatol. 34 (3): 358–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02915.x. PMID 19175786.
- ↑ Shah S, Fiala KH (2017). "Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: A review of current therapies". Dermatol Ther. 30 (1). doi:10.1111/dth.12434. PMID 27723195.
- ↑ Juul Nielsen L, Holkmann Olsen C, Lock-Andersen J (2016). "Therapeutic Options of Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis". Plast Surg Int. 2016: 4340168. doi:10.1155/2016/4340168. PMC 4748103. PMID 26925262.
- ↑ García-García B, Munguía-Calzada P, Aubán-Pariente J, Junceda-Antuña S, Zaballos P, Argenziano G; et al. (2018). "Dermoscopy of chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis". Arch Dermatol Res. 310 (7): 551–560. doi:10.1007/s00403-018-1844-6. PMID 29926164.
- ↑ Salah H, Urso B, Khachemoune A (2018). "Review of the Etiopathogenesis and Management Options of Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Chronica Helicis". Cureus. 10 (3): e2367. doi:10.7759/cureus.2367. PMC 5969795. PMID https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29805936 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Kumar P, Barkat R (2017). "Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis". Indian Dermatol Online J. 8 (1): 48–49. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.198767. PMC 5297272. PMID 28217474.
- ↑ Shah S, Fiala KH (2017). "Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: A review of current therapies". Dermatol Ther. 30 (1). doi:10.1111/dth.12434. PMID 27723195.
- ↑ Magro CM, Frambach GE, Crowson AN (2005). "Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis as a marker of internal disease [corrected] associated with microvascular injury". J Cutan Pathol. 32 (5): 329–33. doi:10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00317.x. PMID 15811116.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 "Dermatology Atlas".