Dysmenorrhea

For patient information, click here

Dysmenorrhea Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Dysmenorrhea from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Dysmenorrhea On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Dysmenorrhea All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Dysmenorrhea
CDC on Dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea in the news
Blogs on Dysmenorrhea
Directions to Hospitals Treating Dysmenorrhea
Risk calculators and risk factors for Dysmenorrhea

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and Keywords: Dysmenorrhoea; menstrual cramps; menorrhalgia; menstrual pain

Classification

The two types of dysmenorrhea are:

• Primary or spasmodic dysmenorrhea
• Secondary or congestive dysmenorrhea

Primary Dysmenorrhea

• Lower abdominal pain that occurs during a menstrual cycle and is not associated with any pelvic pathology
• Usually disappears in women by pregnancy or in late 20's

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

• Lower abdominal pain that occurs during a menstrual cycle and is associated with pathologies inside and outside the uterus
• Usually prevelant over 20's

Causes

Primary Dysmenorrhea

• Uterine contractions caused by high prostaglandin concentration, inturn causing shedding of the endometrial lining.

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

• Intramural Causes:
  • Leiomyoma
  • Adenomyosis

• Extrauterine Causes:
  • Endometriosis

• Intrauterine causes:
  • Leiomyomata
  • Polyps
  • IUDs
  • Infection
  • Cervical Stenosis
  • Other cervical lesions

• Other less common causes:
  • Adhesions
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  • Spontaneous abortion
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  • Pelvic congestion Syndrome
  • Ovarian cysts
  • Allen Masters Syndrome
  • Obstructive malformations of uterine tract
  • Psychogenic
  • Nongynaecological causes

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters

• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• Stress and anxiety
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Adenomyosis
• History of sexual or physical abuse
• Leiomyoma
• Ovarian cysts
• Endometriosis

References

• Andreoli, Thomas E., Charles C. J. Carpenter, Robert C. Griggs, and Joseph Loscalzo. CECIL Essentials of Medicine, 6th ed. Saunders, 2004. ISBN 0-7216-0147-2
• Chapman-Smith, David A. "The Chiropractic Profession." NCMIC Group Inc., 2000. ISBN 1-892734-02-8
• Hacker, Neville F., J. George Moore, and Joseph C. Gambone. Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4th ed. Elsevier Saunders, 2004. ISBN 0-7216-0179-0
• Jun E (2004). "[Effects of SP-6 acupressure on dysmenorrhea, skin temperature of CV2 acupoint and temperature, in the college students]". Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 34 (7): 1343–50. PMID 15687775.
• Proctor M, Hing W, Johnson T, Murphy P (2006). "Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3: CD002119. PMID 16855988. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• White A (2003). "A review of controlled trials of acupuncture for women's reproductive health care". J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 29 (4): 233–6. PMID 14662058.
• Wright, Jason and Solange Wyatt. The Washington Manual Obstetrics and Gynecology Survival Guide. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003. ISBN 0-7817-4363-X

Template:Diseases of the pelvis, genitals and breasts

Template:WikiDoc Sources