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==Prevention==
==Prevention==
'''Hepatitis A'''
* Vaccination especially amongst high-risk individuals who were not vaccinated in childhood. These include IV drug users, Chronic liver disease patients, and Men who have sex with men (MSM).
*  For individuals at risk of both HAV and HBV, the combined vaccine used as a 3-does series is administered.





Revision as of 21:44, 10 September 2021


For patient information click here.

Hepatitis Main Page

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Patient Information

Overview

Classification

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Autoimmune Hepatitis

Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver. The etiologic agent could be infectious (almost always viral) or non-infectious. Hepatitis can be acute and self limiting or can be chronic and progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Most common causes of infectious hepatitis are viral in origin. These include hepatitis A, B, C, D and E . Non infectious causes of hepatitis include autoimmune, alcohol, drugs and toxins. Alcoholic hepatitis and and non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are the most common non-infectious types of hepatitis.

The common manifestation of acute hepatitis are fever, jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis of hepatitis is based on the clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. In rare conditions liver biopsy is required for either the diagnosis or formulating a treatment plan.

Classification

Hepatitis may be classified depending on the duration of the disease into the following types:

  • Acute hepatitis
  • Chronic hepatitis

Hepatitis may also be classified on the basis of various causes into the following types:

  • Infectious hepatitis
  • Non-infectious hepatitis

Infectious Hepatitis

Infectious hepatitis can be classified according to the causative viral agent in to 7 major categories.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Viral Hepatitis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hepatitis A
 
Hepatitis B
 
Hepatitis C
 
Hepatitis D
 
Hepatitis E
 
Hepatitis F
 
Hepatitis G
 
Other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EBV hepatitis
CMV hepatitis
HSV hepatitis
Coxsackie B virus hepatitis



Non-Infectious Hepatitis



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-infectious Hepatitis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Alcoholic hepatitis
 
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
 
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
 
Autoimmune hepatitis
 
Obstructive hepatitis
 
Drug related hepatitis
 
Toxin related hepatitis
 
Ischemic hepatitis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gallstones
Tumors
 
Isoniazid
NSAIDs
•Beta-lactam antibiotics
•Sulfa-containing drugs
HAART
 
Chemicals
 
 
 
 
 



Differential diagnosis

Hepatitis must be differentiated from other conditions that may cause fever, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and elevated liver enzymes.

Disease Clinical manifestations Laboratory findings Additional findings
Symptoms Signs Transaminitis (elevated AST and ALT) Viral markers Autoimmune markers
Nausea & vomiting Abdominal pain Arthralgia Jaundice Hepatomegaly
Acute viral hepatitis Hepatitis A +++ ++ + +++ + +++ HAV Ab ---
  • Fecal-oral transmission
  • Usually acute and self limit
  • Fever usually present
Hepatitis B +++ ++ ++ +++ + +++ HBs Ag, HBc Ab, HBe Ag ---
  • Percutaneous transmission most common
  • May cause acute hepatic failure or may become chronic
  • Fever usually present
Hepatitis C +++ ++ ++ +++ + +++ HCV Ab ---
Hepatitis E ++ ++ +/- ++ + +++ HEV Ab ---
  • Fecal-oral transmission
  • May cause fulminant disease in pregnancy
  • Fever usually present
CMV hepatitis +/- ++ - + + ++ CMV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody --
  • Usually manifests as mononucleosis syndrome
  • fever usually present
EBV hepatitis +/- ++ - +/- + ++ Heterophile antibody test, monospot test --
  • Systemic manifestations as mononucleosis syndrome
  • Fever usually present
Autoimmune hepatitis - + +/- ++ + +++ --- ANA, ASMA, anti SLA/LP, ANCA, ALKM-1 antibodies
  • Liver biopsy may be required for diagnosis
Alcoholic hepatitis +/- + - + - AST>ALT --- ---
  • History of alcohol intake
Drug induced hepatitis +/- + - + + ++ --- ---
  • May cause either cholestatic or hepatocellular injury

Diagnosis

Hepatitis A

  • Acute HAV infection is diagnosed by the presence of IgM antibodies to HAV.
  • Immunity against the virus can be detected by a positive total anti-HAV but can not differentiate a recent from a previous infection.
  • Anti-HAV can also be detected after vaccination against the virus.

Hepatitis B

  • HBsAg: seen in both acute and chronic infection
  • IgM anti-HBc: indicates a recent HBV infection
  • Anti-HBs: Present after resolution of infection and after vaccination.
  • HBsAg+anti-HBc with negative IgM anti-HBc: Chronic HBV infection.
  • Total anti-HBc only: could suggest acute, chronic, resolved infection or a false-positive result.

Hepatitis C

  • Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) or enhanced Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CIA) are used to test for HCV infection and when recommended, a supplemental antibody test.
  • Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) detects HCV RNA after a positive antibody test.
  • HCV RNA is used to detect new infections in a previously infected individual.
  • Previous infection does not confer immunity.

Treatment

Treatment of hepatitis A and hepatitis E is supportive as they are usually self-limited. Chronic hepatitis E is treated with the antiviral ribavirin.

Hepatitis B infection is treated with pegylated interferon alfa or nucleoside analogs (entecavir, tenofovir) based on the clinical picture including ALT and HBV DNA levels and presence or absence of cirrhosis.

Treatment is indicated in chronic Hepatitis C infection which is defined as the presence of detectable HCV RNA levels for 6 months. The selection of treatment regimen depends on viral genotype, presence or absence of cirrhosis and other patient factors. Some of the commonly used antiviral regimens include sofosbuvir-velpatasvir, glecaprevir-pibrentasvir and ledipasvir-sofosbuvir

Acute hepatitis D has no specific treatment. For chronic hepatitis D infection, treatment is indicated with PEG interferon alfa for patients with detectable HDV RNA, elevated ALT and evidence of active liver disease. Asymptomatic patients can be monitored for development of active disease.

Alcoholic hepatitis is generally treated with alcohol abstinence and supportive care in mild to moderate cases. Severe cases are treated with tapering courses of glucocorticoids.

Autoimmune hepatitis is treated with glucocorticoid mono therapy or combination of glucocorticoid with azathioprine. Treatment decision is based on symptom severity, laboratory and histologic findings.

Prevention

Hepatitis A

  • Vaccination especially amongst high-risk individuals who were not vaccinated in childhood. These include IV drug users, Chronic liver disease patients, and Men who have sex with men (MSM).
  • For individuals at risk of both HAV and HBV, the combined vaccine used as a 3-does series is administered.


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