Bacterial pneumonia causes: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 08:27, 3 January 2022

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arooj Naz

Overview

Bacterial pneumonia may be due to a variety of underlying causes. The microorganisms responsible are divided into Typical and Atypical. Typical bacteria often result in a classic pneumonia whereas atypical bacteria lead to a much milder presentation often referred to as "walking pneumonia". These patients appear near normal but have extensive findings on chest x-ray.

Causes

According to Microorganisms

Typical Pneumonia ^[1]	Atypical Pneumonia ^[1]
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Legionella
Staphylococcus aureus	Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae	Chlamydia pneumoniae
Listeria monocytogenes	Chlamydia psittaci
Group A streptococci	Chlamydia Trachomatis
Moraxella catarrhalis
Anaerobes and aerobic gram-negative bacteria

According to Demographics

Age Group	Most common organism
Neonates (<4 weeks old) ^[2]^[3]	Group B streptococci, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes
Toddlers (2 - 4 years) ^[3]	Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis
Children (4 weeks - 18 years) ^[3]	Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
Adults (18 - 65 years) ^[4]	Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae
Elderly (>65 years) ^[5]	Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella, Gram Negative Rods (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

According to Specific Groups

Group Description	Most common organism^[6]^[7]
Alcoholics	Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Oral anaerobes, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Acinetobacter
Aspiration	Oral anaerobes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-Negative Rods (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter species)
Cystic fibrosis	Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Burkholderia Cepacia, Staphylococcus Aureus
Immunocompromised	Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Inﬂuenzae
Intravenous drug users	Staphylococcus Aureus, Oral anaerobes, Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Nosocomial (hospital acquired) ^[8]	Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-Negative Rods (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter species), Acinetobacter species
Postviral ^[9]	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Pneumoniae Less likely to be Haemophilus influenzae

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30020693.
↑ Webber S, Wilkinson AR, Lindsell D, Hope PL, Dobson SR, Isaacs D (1990). "Neonatal pneumonia". Arch Dis Child. 65 (2): 207–11. doi:10.1136/adc.65.2.207. PMC 1792235. PMID 2107797.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Nguyen TK, Tran TH, Roberts CL, Graham SM, Marais BJ (2017). "Child pneumonia - focus on the Western Pacific Region". Paediatr Respir Rev. 21: 102–110. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2016.07.004. PMC 7106312 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 27569107.
↑ Eshwara VK, Mukhopadhyay C, Rello J (2020). "Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adults: An update". Indian J Med Res. 151 (4): 287–302. doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1678_19. PMC 7371062 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32461392 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Henig O, Kaye KS (2017). "Bacterial Pneumonia in Older Adults". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 31 (4): 689–713. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2017.07.015. PMC 7127502 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 28916385.
↑ {{https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pneumonia_risk_factors}}
↑ {{https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/44/Supplement_2/S27/372079}}
↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30571062.
↑ Prasso JE, Deng JC (2017). "Postviral Complications: Bacterial Pneumonia". Clin Chest Med. 38 (1): 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.006. PMC 5324726. PMID 28159155.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid30020693-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30020693.

[pmid2107797-2] Webber S, Wilkinson AR, Lindsell D, Hope PL, Dobson SR, Isaacs D (1990). "Neonatal pneumonia". Arch Dis Child. 65 (2): 207–11. doi:10.1136/adc.65.2.207. PMC 1792235. PMID 2107797.

[pmid27569107-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Nguyen TK, Tran TH, Roberts CL, Graham SM, Marais BJ (2017). "Child pneumonia - focus on the Western Pacific Region". Paediatr Respir Rev. 21: 102–110. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2016.07.004. PMC 7106312 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 27569107.

[pmid32461392-4] Eshwara VK, Mukhopadhyay C, Rello J (2020). "Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adults: An update". Indian J Med Res. 151 (4): 287–302. doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1678_19. PMC 7371062 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32461392 Check |pmid= value (help).

[pmid28916385-5] Henig O, Kaye KS (2017). "Bacterial Pneumonia in Older Adults". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 31 (4): 689–713. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2017.07.015. PMC 7127502 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 28916385.

[WikidocPneumonia-6] {{https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pneumonia_risk_factors}}

[ClinicalInfectiousDiseases-7] {{https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/44/Supplement_2/S27/372079}}

[pmid30571062-8] "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30571062.

[pmid28159155-9] Prasso JE, Deng JC (2017). "Postviral Complications: Bacterial Pneumonia". Clin Chest Med. 38 (1): 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.006. PMC 5324726. PMID 28159155.

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[3]

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[9]

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 |-
 |Neonates (<4 weeks old) <ref name="pmid2107797">{{cite journal| author=Webber S, Wilkinson AR, Lindsell D, Hope PL, Dobson SR, Isaacs D| title=Neonatal pneumonia. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 1990 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 207-11 | pmid=2107797 | doi=10.1136/adc.65.2.207 | pmc=1792235 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2107797  }} </ref><ref name="pmid27569107">{{cite journal| author=Nguyen TK, Tran TH, Roberts CL, Graham SM, Marais BJ| title=Child pneumonia - focus on the Western Pacific Region. | journal=Paediatr Respir Rev | year= 2017 | volume= 21 | issue=  | pages= 102-110 | pmid=27569107 | doi=10.1016/j.prrv.2016.07.004 | pmc=7106312 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27569107  }} </ref>
-|''[[Group B streptococci]]''
+|''[[Group B streptococci]],'' ''[[Escherichia coli]],'' ''[[Listeria monocytogenes]]''
-''[[Escherichia coli]]''
-''[[Listeria monocytogenes]]''
 |-
 |Toddlers (2 - 4 years) <ref name="pmid27569107" />
-|''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''
+|''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]],'' ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]],'' ''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]''
-''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
-''[[Moraxella catarrhalis]]''
 |-
 |Children (4 weeks - 18 years) <ref name="pmid27569107" />
-|''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]''
+|''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]],'' ''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]],'' ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
-''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]''
-''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
 |-
 |Adults (18 - 65 years) <ref name="pmid32461392">{{cite journal| author=Eshwara VK, Mukhopadhyay C, Rello J| title=Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adults: An update. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2020 | volume= 151 | issue= 4 | pages= 287-302 | pmid=32461392 | doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1678_19 | pmc=7371062 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32461392  }} </ref>
-|[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|''Streptococcus pneumoniae'']]
+|[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|''Streptococcus pneumoniae'']], ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]],'' ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]],'' ''[[Klebsiella]],'' ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]],'' ''[[Legionella]],'' ''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]],'' ''[[Chlamydia pneumoniae]]''
-''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''
-''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
-''[[Klebsiella]]''
-''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''
-''[[Legionella]]''
-''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]''
-''[[Chlamydia pneumoniae]]''
 |-
 |Elderly (>65 years) <ref name="pmid28916385">{{cite journal| author=Henig O, Kaye KS| title=Bacterial Pneumonia in Older Adults. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2017 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 689-713 | pmid=28916385 | doi=10.1016/j.idc.2017.07.015 | pmc=7127502 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28916385  }} </ref>
-|[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|''Streptococcus pneumoniae'']]
+|[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|''Streptococcus pneumoniae'']], ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]],'' ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]],'' ''[[Legionella]], Gram Negative Rods ([[Escherichia coli]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Enterobacter]] species, [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]])''
-''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''
-''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
-''[[Legionella]]''
-''Gram Negative Rods ([[Escherichia coli]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Enterobacter]] species, [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]])''
 |}
@@ Line 92: / Line 63: @@
 |-
 |Alcoholics
-|''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|Streptococcus Pneumoniae]]''
+|''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|Streptococcus Pneumoniae]], Oral [[anaerobes]],'' ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae|Klebsiella Pneumoniae]],'' ''[[Acinetobacter spp|Acinetobacter]]''
-''Oral [[anaerobes]]''
-''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae|Klebsiella Pneumoniae]]''
-''[[Acinetobacter spp|Acinetobacter]]''
 |-
 |Aspiration
-|''Oral [[anaerobes]]''
+|''Oral [[anaerobes]], [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], Gram-Negative Rods ([[Escherichia coli]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Enterobacter]] species)''
-''Gram Negative Rods ([[Escherichia coli]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Enterobacter]] species, [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]])''
 |-
 |Cystic fibrosis
-|''[[P. aeruginosa|Pseudomonas Aeruginosa]]''
+|''[[P. aeruginosa|Pseudomonas Aeruginosa]],'' ''[[Burkholderia cepacia|Burkholderia Cepacia]],'' ''[[S. aureus|Staphylococcus Aureus]]''
-''[[Burkholderia cepacia|Burkholderia Cepacia]]''
-''[[S. aureus|Staphylococcus Aureus]]''
 |-
 |Immunocompromised
-|''[[S. pneumoniae|Streptococcus Pneumoniae]]''
+|''[[S. pneumoniae|Streptococcus Pneumoniae]],'' ''[[H. influenzae|Haemophilus Inﬂuenzae]]''
-''[[H. influenzae|Haemophilus Inﬂuenzae]]''
-''[[M. tuberculosis|Mycobacterium Tuberculosis]]''
 |-
 |Intravenous drug users
-|''[[S. aureus|Staphylococcus Aureus]]''
+|''[[S. aureus|Staphylococcus Aureus]], Oral [[anaerobes]],'' ''[[S. pneumoniae|Streptococcus Pneumoniae]]''
-''Oral [[anaerobes]]''
-''[[M. tuberculosis|Mycobacterium Tuberculosis]]''
-''[[S. pneumoniae|Streptococcus Pneumoniae]]''
 |-
 |Nosocomial (hospital acquired) <ref name="pmid30571062">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30571062 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
-|''[[Staphylococcus aureus]] (MRSA)''
+|''[[Staphylococcus aureus]] (MRSA),'' ''[[Streptococcus]] species,'' ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]], Gram-Negative Rods ([[Escherichia coli]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Enterobacter]] species),'' ''[[Acinetobacter spp|Acinetobacter]]'' species
-''[[Streptococcus]] species''
-''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''
-''[[Escherichia coli]]''
-''[[Klebsiella]] pneumoniae''
-''[[Enterobacter]]'' species
-''[[Acinetobacter spp|Acinetobacter]]'' species
 |-
 |Postviral <ref name="pmid28159155">{{cite journal| author=Prasso JE, Deng JC| title=Postviral Complications: Bacterial Pneumonia. | journal=Clin Chest Med | year= 2017 | volume= 38 | issue= 1 | pages= 127-138 | pmid=28159155 | doi=10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.006 | pmc=5324726 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28159155  }} </ref>
-|''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''
+|''[[Staphylococcus aureus]],'' ''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|Streptococcus Pneumoniae]]''
-''[[Streptococcus pneumoniae|Streptococcus Pneumoniae]]''
+Less likely to be ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
-Less likely to be ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''
 |}