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'''For patient information, click [[Essential tremor (patient information)|here]]'''
==Overview==
Tremor is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary and  rhythmic movements of agonist and antagonist muscles it effect numerous body parts(1), including the hands, vocal cords, legs, arms, head, face, and tongue(1) . It is not a life-threatening diseases but it has a major influence on a person's everyday activities. Tremors are classified into two types: '''rest tremors''', which occur while a person is at rest, and '''activity tremors''', which occur while moving. '''Action tremors''' are classified into numerous categories, including postural, kinetic, purposeful, task-specific, and isometric tremors(2). In 1874 Burresi initially used the term Essential tremor (ET), or family tremor, to describe condition marked by a “bilateral upper extremity action tremor.” Lasting for at least 3 years without any other neurological sign such as Parkinsonism. An essential tremor with neurological sign is referred as “essential tremor plus” (3).It is one of the most prevalent hyperkinetic tremors in adults.Historical Perspective


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  ICD10          = {{ICD10|G|25|0|g|20}} |
  ICD9          = {{ICD9|333.1}} |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = 190300 |
  OMIM_mult      = {{OMIM2|602134}} |
  MedlinePlus    = 000762 |
  MeshID        = D020329 |
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{{SI}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Rina Ghorpade}}
==Overview==
'''Essential tremor''' is a [[neurological disorder]] characterized by shaking of [[hand]]s (and sometimes other parts of the body including the [[head (anatomy)|head]]), evoked by intentional movements. The exact incidence is unknown, but it is presumed to be the most common type of [[tremor]] and also the most commonly observed movement disorder. Essential tremor was also previously known as "benign essential tremor", but the adjective "benign" has been removed in recognition of the sometimes disabling nature of the disorder.
==Historic Perspective==
==Historic Perspective==


Line 29: Line 12:
==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==


The [[pathogenesis]] of essential tremor (ET) is not fully explained. There is a strong [[genetic]] component. It has an [[autosomal dominant]] pattern of [[inheritance]], and almost 80% of patients have a family history of [[tremors|tremor]]<ref name="pmid18043006">{{cite journal| author=Louis ED, Dogu O| title=Does age of onset in essential tremor have a bimodal distribution? Data from a tertiary referral setting and a population-based study. | journal=Neuroepidemiology | year= 2007 | volume= 29 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 208-12 | pmid=18043006 | doi=10.1159/000111584 | pmc=2824583 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18043006  }} </ref>.
The cause of tremor in ET is still unknown; several hypotheses have been made to understand the pathophysiology of the disease including the neurodegenerative hypothesis, central oscillatory network hypothesis, and GABAergic hypothesis. the neurodegenerative hypothesis is a matter of debate due to contradicting outcomes in the studies like degeneration or remodeling of Purkinje cells in ET other studies do not support the findings many studies report degeneration of the cerebellum but other studies do not support the finding, central oscillatory network hypothesis suggests that interconnected signals among brain region including cerebellum, thalamus, cortex, and inferior olive collaborate to generate tremors (22). The GABAergic hypothesis suggests that the irregular activity within a brain region cerebello-thalamo-cortical occurs due to disturbances in the transmission of the neurotransmitter GABA or alterations in a specific type of receptor for GABA known as GABA-A receptors (23)..
The [[neuropathology]] of ET remains highly debatable, although some believe that it is localized to [[brainstem]] and [[cerebellum]], it is a controversial theory.


==Cause==
==Cause==
Half of the cases are due to gene mutation and transmitted dominantly. There are two main loci: [[ETM1]] and [[ETM2]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kovach M, Ruiz J, Kimonis K et al |title=Genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant essential tremor |journal=Genet Med |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=197-9 |year=2001  |pmid=11388761}}</ref> The rest are [[idiopathic]]. No identifiable and consistent structural abnormality has yet been demonstrated to exist in the [[nervous system]] of every person with ET.
The cause of the diseases is not clear but various studies suggest that genes play an important role in developing diseases (13) ,environmental factors are also considered as disease-causing factors (14).
 
A French kindred study found that the Ser9Gly variant of the [[dopamine receptor]] D3 (DRD3) was strongly associated with ET in 23 out of 30 families studied.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A functional variant of the dopamine D3 receptor is associated with risk and age-at-onset of essential tremor | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year=2006 | volume=103 | issue=28 | pages=10753&ndash;8 | author=Jeanneteau F, Funalot B, Jankovic J, ''et al.'' | id=PMID 16809426 }}</ref>
 
 
 
 
==Differential Diagnosis==
The following table distinguishes ET from other major tremor disorders.
<br />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Tremor type                 
!Type 
!Age
at onset
!Frequeny
!Unilateral/
Bilateral
!Symmetry
!Exacerbating
factors  
!Relieving
Factors
!Associated
Symptoms
!Distribution
|-
|1)
|ET
|Action
|[[Bimodal]]
2nd, and
 
6th decade
|6-12 HZ
|[[Bilateral]]
|[[Asymmetric]]
|[[Caffeine]], [[stress]]
|[[Alcohol]]
|Mild [[gait]] difficulties
in the minority of [[patients]]
|Hands, head,
and voice
|-
|2)
|[[Parkinson Disease]] (PD)
|Rest
|> 50
|4-6 HZ
|[[Unilateral]]
|[[Asymmetric]]
|Rest
|Purposeful
actions
|[[Rigidity]], [[Bradykinesia]]
|Hands, legs, 
tongue
|-
|3)
|[[Physiologic tremor]]


(Not visible under normal
'''Genetics:'''


Circumstances)
ET is a hereditary disease and about 30-70%  individual suffer from owing to past family history, the chances of ET rise 4.7 times if the first-degree relative has the disease(15) many types of research have been done to identify the genetic marker for the diseases  .but the responsible gene is not clear yet (16). One study linked ET susceptibility to the DRD3 gene in Icelandic families, while another found the HS1BP3 gene in an American family. ETM3 on chromosome 6p23 was identified as a locus (17). GWAS highlighted potential ET susceptibility genes like LINGO1 and SLC1A2 (18). Exome sequencing revealed a pathogenic FUS variant in a French-Canadian family (19). Further research found HTRA2 in Turkish and pathogenic variants in the TENM4 gene in a Spanish population. These findings highlight the complex genetic basis of ET (20).
|Action
|Can occur at
any age
|8-12 Hz
|[[Bilateral]]
|[[Symmetrical]]
|[[Stress]], [[anxiety]],
[[Fever]], [[hypoglycemia]],


[[Alcohol]], Variety of
'''Acquired factors:'''


[[drugs]], [[opioid withdrawal]],  
Neurological illnesses are strongly influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors. Recent study reveals that ethanol, which was formerly considered to ease tremors, may instead act as a cerebellar toxin, inadequate sleep has been linked to a higher incidence of tremors and Lead exposure has been connected with essential tremors (ET).)(21)
[[Hyperthyroidism]]
|Removal of cause
|Depends on the cause.
|Usually upper extremities, tongue and voice
|}


==Epidemilogy==
==Epidemilogy==


ET is the most common form of [[action tremor]], and has [[bimodal]] [[age]] at onset in the second and in the sixth decade of life. The [[prevalence]] is usually same for the both [[genders]]. The world-wide [[prevalence]] for all age is 1%<ref name="pmid20175185">{{cite journal| author=Louis ED, Ferreira JJ| title=How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. | journal=Mov Disord | year= 2010 | volume= 25 | issue= 5 | pages= 534-41 | pmid=20175185 | doi=10.1002/mds.22838 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20175185  }}</ref>.
ET is a genetic disease and it is more common in males than females initially its symptoms are mild but it worsens with age (26). ET has a worldwide incidence of 0.9%, which can rise to 4.0% and 22% in patients aged greater than 40 and 90 years respectively (17).


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==


1) [[Family history]]
Over time mild ET can progress and age-related factors can act as a bridge in the progression of the diseases resulting in the emergence of neurological symptoms.Late onset of the disease is associated with rapid progression, dementia, Parkinson's diseases, and death(4) caffeine, medication, low blood sugar, fatigue strong emotion, stress can trigger tremor related to ET(5).
 
2) [[Age]]: age above 40 is considered as a risk factor.
 
==Screening==
There is no available [[screening test]] to diagnose ET.
 
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==
===Natural history===
ET is a progressive [[disease]], and it usually worsens gradually over time.
 
===Complications===
[[Patients]] usually have psychological consequences such as [[anxiety]] and [[depression]] as they tend to avoid social events and stressful situations. Some patients usually have mild [[cognitive difficulties]]. It can affect activities of daily living such as holding tools/utensils and equipment, also writing can be significantly affected.
 
===Prognosis===
The course of ET is usually stable, however, ET may be associated with an increased risk for developing [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name="pmid19289477">{{cite journal| author=Benito-León J, Louis ED, Bermejo-Pareja F, Neurological Disorders in Central Spain Study Group| title=Risk of incident Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism in essential tremor: a population based study. | journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | year= 2009 | volume= 80 | issue= 4 | pages= 423-5 | pmid=19289477 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2008.147223 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19289477  }} </ref>.


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Criteria===
Initially, ET was considered as purely motor diseases, but letter non-motor features are also recognized(6) ET symptoms including fatigue(7), personality changes, olfactory dysfunction, hearing impairment (8), and sleep disturbances(9). anxiety(6).Tremors observed in ET patients with the frequency of  4-8 Hz(1), depression is considered as primary symptom and associated with disability in  ET patients (10), cognitive impairment is also reported in these patients and it is progressive from mild to dementia(11),  the affected cognitive domain is an executive function and memory. These patients feel difficulty in writing, drinking, eating, personal hygiene, and other routine task. In some situations, ET can constantly shake the hands or tongue, making it difficult to thread a needle, and using a ruler becomes difficult (12).As it is suggested that it is a hereditary disease it is initially diagnosed by the medical history, family history, and physical examination which help to evaluate the tremor of the head, arm, voice, and leg. In 2018 Moment Disorder Society (MDS) classified ET into two categories including '''ET''' and '''ET plus''' through electromyography and accelerometry (23) artificial intelligence to interpret accelerometry data and distinguish between ET and Parkinson's disease (24). It has been applied to the analysis of video recordings of tremors (25).
The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (IPMDS) task force defines ET by the following four features<ref name="pmid29193359">{{cite journal| author=Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, Elble RJ, Hallett M, Louis ED | display-authors=etal| title=Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. | journal=Mov Disord | year= 2018 | volume= 33 | issue= 1 | pages= 75-87 | pmid=29193359 | doi=10.1002/mds.27121 | pmc=6530552 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29193359  }} </ref>.
 
1) Isolated [[tremor]] of [[bilateral]] [[upper limb]], without other motor abnormalities.
 
2) Duration: at least three years
 
3) Absence of other [[neurological]] [[signs]].
 
4) With or without a tremor in other locations. (for example, tremors of arms, hands, or head)
 
===Symptoms===
====Tremor Characteristics====
 
The ET is a type of [[action tremor]], which usually affects hands and arms. It often occurs [[asymmetrically]] and [[bilaterally]]. It can involve the face, voice, and trunk. The frequency of ET is 6-12 HZ.
[[Tremor]] is initiated by [[voluntary movements]] when arms are held in an outstretched position against gravity and is usually amplified by goal-directed movements such as drinking from a glass or finger-to-nose testing. Tremor is absent when the affected body part is fully relaxed and supported by gravity.
Lower limb tremor is highly unusual in ET and often suggests [[Parkinson disease]]. Essential tremor (ET) generally presents as a rhythmic tremor (6-12Hz) that is present only when the affected muscle is exerting effort (i.e., it is not present at rest). Any sort of physical or mental stress will tend to make the tremor worse, often creating the false impression that the tremor is of [[psychosomatic]] origin. It is typical for the [[tremor]] to worsen in "performance" situations, such as when making out a check at a checkout stand. ET-related tremors do not occur during sleep, but patients sometimes complain of an especially coarse [[tremor]] upon awakening that becomes noticeably less coarse within the first few minutes of wakefulness. Tremor intensity can otherwise worsen in response to fatigue, strong emotions, low blood sugar, cold, [[caffeine]], [[lithium]] salts, some [[antidepressants]], or other factors.
It is often relieved by drinking [[alcohol]]. In disabling cases, ET can interfere with a person's ability to perform tasks of daily living, including feeding, dressing, and activities of personal hygiene.
ET is usually painless, although in some cases tremors of the head or neck cause pain, and writing can become painful quickly for a person with hand tremors who grips a pen tightly in a struggle to maintain control over penmanship.
Sometimes people with ET develop a raspy speaking voice while their ET symptoms worsen over time. When this [[dysphonia]] occurs, it is true even in cases where the person's tremor symptoms were first noticeable during early childhood and, so, is unlikely to be related to commonplace reductions in quality that can gradually affect the speaking voices of some elderly people.
People with ET often report a progressive decline in their sense of [[balance]] and fine motor skills.
 
====Neurological signs====
Sometimes individuals may show [[ataxia]], [[abnormal gait]], [[cognitive deficits]], personality changes, and [[depression]]. ET affects the activities of daily living and quality of life.
 
 
===Physical Examiniation===
 
The prominent symptom of ET is [[asymmetric]], [[postural]] tremor affecting [[upper extremities]]. It can affect head and voice, but rarely [[lower extremities]]. [[Tone]] and [[reflexes]] are usually normal. The minority of patients may have difficulties with [[gait]] and [[balance]].
 
===Laboratory findings===
There is no signings lab abnormality seen in patients of ET. Routine lab tests such as [[Thyroid functions tests]], [[electrolytes]] are done to rule out physiological tremor. 
 
===Imaging===
Structural [[brain]] imaging such as [[CT scan]] or [[MRI]] is not required in patients of ET.
Striatal dopamine transporter imaging single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT; DaTscan) can be used to distinguish ET from [[parkinson disease]], [[Lewy body dementia]], and [[multiple system atrophy]]. It is usually normal in patients with ET, and it is not generally indicated to diagnose ET. However, it can be useful if it is difficult to differentiate ET from [[Parkinson's disease]].
 
==Treatment==
Drug treatment may include [[tranquilizer]]s, [[beta-blocker]]s, and [[antiepileptic]] drugs. [[Surgery|Surgical]] treatments (which are generally reserved for the most severe cases) include [[botulism]] toxin injections into the affected muscles, [[thalamotomy]], [[pallidotomy]], and [[deep brain stimulation]] &ndash; the insertion of a [[brain pacemaker]].
 
The two medications that are prescribed most commonly for control of ET symptoms are the anticonvulsant [[Primidone]] (Mysoline) and the beta-blocker [[propranolol]] (Inderal).
 
Minor cases of ET can be treated with physical therapy and development of the muscles in the sections of the body that are severe in their shaking.
 
Other potential sources of tremor (excessive [[caffeine]] consumption, [[recreational drug use]], medications, [[hyperthyroidism]]) should be excluded if possible
 
==Support groups==
The International Essential Tremor Foundation (IETF) provides information, services, and support to individuals and families affected by essential tremor (ET). The organization encourages and promotes research in an effort to determine the causes, treatment, and ultimately the cure for ET. The IETF is a worldwide organization dedicated to meeting the needs of those whose daily lives are challenged by ET. IETF, an international non-profit 501(c)(3) organization that derives its support entirely from its membership and the general public, was founded in 1988 and is guided by a board of directors and a medical advisory council. The organization's membership consists of patients, physicians, educators, parents, relatives and volunteers who provide education, community services, and funding to help support tremor research.
 
The National Tremor Foundation (NTF), founded in 1992, is a British friendly organization based in Essex, England, an affiliate of the International Tremor Foundation, which was founded in 1988. The organization's primary work is the production of a quarterly informational newsletter.  The NTF also maintains a list of ITF medical advisors and facilitates the formation of self-help groups.  NTF was granted charitable status in 1994.
 
==Help with Technology==
Tunic Software has released software to help people with essential tremor, [[Parkinson's Disease]], and other causes of hand tremor control their [[computer mouse]]. Called 'MouseCage', the software automatically smooths mouse cursor motion to reduce the effects of unsteady or shaky hands.[http://www.filedudes.com/MouseCage-download-22071.html - anti-tremor mouse software]
 
IBM created a peripheral device that filters out tremoring movements of the hand. The hardware adapter, termed AMA, is connected between the computer and the input device. It is switched on or off and adjusted for tremor severity right on the device.
 
IBM also offers a free smoothing mouse driver for windows 2000 and XP which uses the same technology that helps steady the image in a hand held camcorder.  See http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com/tech/mousesmoothing
 
Another option is http://www.steadymouse.com/about/


Other tools have also been adapted for people with tremors; for example, eating utensils which are weighted to help damp out tremor.
== Treatment ==
MPatients might seek medical help only when symptoms interfere with daily activities (26). To overcome the diseases, medication and surgical treatments are provided. Combined therapy can sometimes show better clinical outcomes and thus surgical intervention is considered in severe cases and disabling despite treatment (27). The primary therapy for the ET is Propranolol and primidone (28) and other medications are also used for the treatment including gabapentin, alprazolam, and topiramate. The second option to overcome the disease is surgery which includes deep brain stimulation (DBS), radio-frequency thalamotomy, and MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Some other Therapies are also introduced nowadays that help to overcome the disease burden including TAPS (FDA approved) (29), Vibratory therapy (under trials) (30), T-type Calcium Channel modulator (Undergoing Phase 2 trials)(31), GABA-A Receptor modulator(Undergoing Phase 2 studies)(32), Chemodenervation(Not FDA approved for tremor; undergoing Phase 2 study for tremor)(33).


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 12:20, 14 June 2024

Overview

Tremor is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary and  rhythmic movements of agonist and antagonist muscles it effect numerous body parts(1), including the hands, vocal cords, legs, arms, head, face, and tongue(1) . It is not a life-threatening diseases but it has a major influence on a person's everyday activities. Tremors are classified into two types: rest tremors, which occur while a person is at rest, and activity tremors, which occur while moving. Action tremors are classified into numerous categories, including postural, kinetic, purposeful, task-specific, and isometric tremors(2). In 1874 Burresi initially used the term Essential tremor (ET), or family tremor, to describe condition marked by a “bilateral upper extremity action tremor.” Lasting for at least 3 years without any other neurological sign such as Parkinsonism. An essential tremor with neurological sign is referred as “essential tremor plus” (3).It is one of the most prevalent hyperkinetic tremors in adults.Historical Perspective

Historic Perspective

The term essentieller Tremor (essential tremor) was first coined by Raymond (France, 1892)[1]. This term gained widespread use among neurologists during the second half of the 20th century to describe the familial cases of tremors.

Classification

There is no system to classify essential tremor.

Pathophysiology

The cause of tremor in ET is still unknown; several hypotheses have been made to understand the pathophysiology of the disease including the neurodegenerative hypothesis, central oscillatory network hypothesis, and GABAergic hypothesis. the neurodegenerative hypothesis is a matter of debate due to contradicting outcomes in the studies like degeneration or remodeling of Purkinje cells in ET other studies do not support the findings many studies report degeneration of the cerebellum but other studies do not support the finding, central oscillatory network hypothesis suggests that interconnected signals among brain region including cerebellum, thalamus, cortex, and inferior olive collaborate to generate tremors (22). The GABAergic hypothesis suggests that the irregular activity within a brain region cerebello-thalamo-cortical occurs due to disturbances in the transmission of the neurotransmitter GABA or alterations in a specific type of receptor for GABA known as GABA-A receptors (23)..

Cause

The cause of the diseases is not clear but various studies suggest that genes play an important role in developing diseases (13) ,environmental factors are also considered as disease-causing factors (14).

Genetics:

ET is a hereditary disease and about 30-70%  individual suffer from owing to past family history, the chances of ET rise 4.7 times if the first-degree relative has the disease(15) many types of research have been done to identify the genetic marker for the diseases  .but the responsible gene is not clear yet (16). One study linked ET susceptibility to the DRD3 gene in Icelandic families, while another found the HS1BP3 gene in an American family. ETM3 on chromosome 6p23 was identified as a locus (17). GWAS highlighted potential ET susceptibility genes like LINGO1 and SLC1A2 (18). Exome sequencing revealed a pathogenic FUS variant in a French-Canadian family (19). Further research found HTRA2 in Turkish and pathogenic variants in the TENM4 gene in a Spanish population. These findings highlight the complex genetic basis of ET (20).

Acquired factors:

Neurological illnesses are strongly influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors. Recent study reveals that ethanol, which was formerly considered to ease tremors, may instead act as a cerebellar toxin, inadequate sleep has been linked to a higher incidence of tremors and Lead exposure has been connected with essential tremors (ET).)(21)

Epidemilogy

ET is a genetic disease and it is more common in males than females initially its symptoms are mild but it worsens with age (26). ET has a worldwide incidence of 0.9%, which can rise to 4.0% and 22% in patients aged greater than 40 and 90 years respectively (17).

Risk Factors

Over time mild ET can progress and age-related factors can act as a bridge in the progression of the diseases resulting in the emergence of neurological symptoms.Late onset of the disease is associated with rapid progression, dementia, Parkinson's diseases, and death(4) caffeine, medication, low blood sugar, fatigue strong emotion, stress can trigger tremor related to ET(5).

Diagnosis

Initially, ET was considered as purely motor diseases, but letter non-motor features are also recognized(6) ET symptoms including fatigue(7), personality changes, olfactory dysfunction, hearing impairment (8), and sleep disturbances(9). anxiety(6).Tremors observed in ET patients with the frequency of  4-8 Hz(1), depression is considered as primary symptom and associated with disability in  ET patients (10), cognitive impairment is also reported in these patients and it is progressive from mild to dementia(11),  the affected cognitive domain is an executive function and memory. These patients feel difficulty in writing, drinking, eating, personal hygiene, and other routine task. In some situations, ET can constantly shake the hands or tongue, making it difficult to thread a needle, and using a ruler becomes difficult (12).As it is suggested that it is a hereditary disease it is initially diagnosed by the medical history, family history, and physical examination which help to evaluate the tremor of the head, arm, voice, and leg. In 2018 Moment Disorder Society (MDS) classified ET into two categories including ET and ET plus through electromyography and accelerometry (23) artificial intelligence to interpret accelerometry data and distinguish between ET and Parkinson's disease (24). It has been applied to the analysis of video recordings of tremors (25).

Treatment

MPatients might seek medical help only when symptoms interfere with daily activities (26). To overcome the diseases, medication and surgical treatments are provided. Combined therapy can sometimes show better clinical outcomes and thus surgical intervention is considered in severe cases and disabling despite treatment (27). The primary therapy for the ET is Propranolol and primidone (28) and other medications are also used for the treatment including gabapentin, alprazolam, and topiramate. The second option to overcome the disease is surgery which includes deep brain stimulation (DBS), radio-frequency thalamotomy, and MRI-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Some other Therapies are also introduced nowadays that help to overcome the disease burden including TAPS (FDA approved) (29), Vibratory therapy (under trials) (30), T-type Calcium Channel modulator (Undergoing Phase 2 trials)(31), GABA-A Receptor modulator(Undergoing Phase 2 studies)(32), Chemodenervation(Not FDA approved for tremor; undergoing Phase 2 study for tremor)(33).

References

  1. ↑ Louis ED, Broussolle E, Goetz CG, Krack P, Kaufmann P, Mazzoni P (2008). "Historical underpinnings of the term essential tremor in the late 19th century". Neurology. 71 (11): 856–9. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000325564.38165.d1. PMC 3461999. PMID 18779514.

Template:Diseases of the nervous system

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