Pancreatic pseudocyst

Pancreatic pseudocyst
Pancreatic pseudocyst. Image courtesy of RadsWiki
ICD-10	K86.3
ICD-9	577.2
DiseasesDB	9530
MedlinePlus	000272
eMedicine	med/2674  radio/576
MeSH	D010192

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Contributors: Cafer Zorkun M.D., PhD.

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Overview

A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in amylase and other pancreatic enzymes, blood and necrotic tissue typically located in the lesser sac. It has a non-epithelialised lining made of granulation tissue and hence the name pseudocyst (pseudo - false). By contrast, true cysts have an epithelial lining. This is typically a complication of acute pancreatitis, but may also occur following abdominal trauma.

Pancreatic pseudocysts account for approximately 75% of all pancreatic masses.

Etiopathogenesis

Acute pancreatitis results amongst other things in the disruption of pancreatic parenchyma and the ductal system. This results in extravasation of pancreatic enzymes which in turn digest the adjoining tissues. This results in a collection of fluid containing pancreatic enzymes, hemolysed blood and necrotic debris around the pancreas. The lesser sac being a potential space, the fluid collects here preferentially. This is called an acute pancreatic collection. Some of these collections resolve on their own as the patient recovers from the acute episode. However, others become more organised and get walled-off within a thick wall of granulation tissue and fibrosis. This takes several weeks to occur and results in a pancreatic pseudocyst.

Diagnosis

The questions that need to be answered are:

• where, how big and how many?
• is there a communication with the pancreatic ductal system? Draining such a pseudocyst carries an increased risk of pancreatic fistula.

The most useful imaging tools are;

• Ultrasonography - The role of ultrasonography in imaging the pancreas is limited by patient habitus, operator experience and the fact that the pancreas lies behind the stomach (and so a gas-filled stomach will obscure the pancreas).
• Computerized tomography - This is the gold standard for initial assessment and follow-up

Images courtesy of RadsWiki

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  Computerized tomography: Pancreatic pseudocyst
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  Computerized tomography: Pancreatic pseudocyst
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  Computerized tomography: Pancreatic pseudocyst
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  Computerized tomography: Pancreatic pseudocyst
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  Computerized tomography: Pancreatic pseudocyst
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  Computerized tomography: Pancreatic pseudocyst

• Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-pancreatography - to establish the relationship of the pseudocyst to the pancreatic ducts

Treatment

A small pseudocyst that is not causing any symptoms may be managed conservatively. However, a large proportion of them will need some form of treatment, The interventions available are:

• Endoscopic trans-gastric drainage
• Imaging guided percutaneous drainage
• Laparoscopic / open cystogastrostomy

References & Additional Resources

     Luque-de Leon E, Sarr MG. Management of pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis. In: Problems in General Surgery. Vol 15. Philadelpha: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;1998:123-44.

     Bradley EL 3rd. A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. Summary of the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, Ga, September 11 through 13, 1992. Arch Surg. May 1993;128(5):586-90. [Medline].

     Morel P, Rohner A. Surgery for chronic pancreatitis. Surgery. Feb 1987;101(2):130-5. [Medline].

     Bradley EL, Clements JL Jr, Gonzalez AC. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts: a unified concept of management. Am J Surg. Jan 1979;137(1):135-41. [Medline].

     Beebe DS, Bubrick MP, Onstad GR, Hitchcock CR. Management of pancreatic pseudocysts. Surg Gynecol Obstet. Dec 1984;159(6):562-4. [Medline].

     Cooperman AM. An overview of pancreatic pseudocysts: the emperors new clothes revisited. Surg Clin North Am. Apr 2001;81(2):391-7, xii. [Medline].

     Cohen MJ, Prinz RA. Pancreatic pseudocyst. In: Cameron JL, ed. Current Surgical Therapy. 7th ed. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book;2001:543-7.

     Vitas GJ, Sarr MG. Selected management of pancreatic pseudocysts: operative versus expectant management. Surgery. Feb 1992;111(2):123-30. [Medline].

     Siegelman SS, Copeland BE, Saba GP, et al. CT of fluid collections associated with pancreatitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Jun 1980;134(6):1121-32. [Medline].

     Bradley EL, Gonzalez AC, Clements JL Jr. Acute pancreatic pseudocysts: incidence and implications. Ann Surg. Dec 1976;184(6):734-7. [Medline].

     Chalmers AG. The role of imaging in acute pancreatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Feb 1997;9(2):106-16. [Medline].

     Morgan DE, Baron TH, Smith JK, et al. Pancreatic fluid collections prior to intervention: evaluation with MR imaging compared with CT and US. Radiology. Jun 1997;203(3):773-8. [Medline].

     Megibow AJ, Lavelle MT, Rofsky NM. MR imaging of the pancreas. Surg Clin North Am. Apr 2001;81(2):307-20, ix-x. [Medline].

     Dani R, Cundari AM, Nogueira CE, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in cystic lesions of the pancreas. Pancreas. Apr 2000;20(3):313-8. [Medline].

     Pitchumoni CS, Agarwal N. Pancreatic pseudocysts. When and how should drainage be performed?. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. Sep 1999;28(3):615-39. [Medline].

     Brugge WR. The role of endoscopic ultrasound in pancreatic disorders. Int J Pancreatol. Aug 1996;20(1):1-10. [Medline].

     Kiviluoto T, Kivisaari L, Kivilaakso E, Lempinen M. Pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis. Surgical results in 102 consecutive patients. Arch Surg. Feb 1989;124(2):240-3. [Medline].

     Gumaste VV, Pitchumoni CS. Pancreatic pseudocyst. Gastroenterologist. Mar 1996;4(1):33-43. [Medline].

     Rao R, Fedorak I, Prinz RA. Effect of failed computed tomography-guided and endoscopic drainage on pancreatic pseudocyst management. Surgery. Oct 1993;114(4):843-7; discussion 847-9. [Medline].

     Criado E, De Stefano AA, Weiner TM, Jacques PF. Long term results of percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. Surg Gynecol Obstet. Oct 1992;175(4):293-8. [Medline].

     Adams DB, Anderson MC. Percutaneous catheter drainage compared with internal drainage in the management of pancreatic pseudocyst. Ann Surg. Jun 1992;215(6):571-6; discussion 576-8. [Medline].

     Lang EK, Paolini RM, Pottmeyer A. The efficacy of palliative and definitive percutaneous versus surgical drainage of pancreatic abscesses and pseudocysts: a prospective study of 85 patients. South Med J. Jan 1991;84(1):55-64. [Medline].

     Ahlawat SK, Charabaty-Pishvaian A, Jackson PG, Haddad NG. Single-step EUS-guided pancreatic pseudocyst drainage using a large channel linear array echoendoscope and cystotome: results in 11 patients. JOP. 2006;7(6):616-24. [Medline].

     Aranha GV, Prinz RA, Esguerra AC, Greenlee HB. The nature and course of cystic pancreatic lesions diagnosed by ultrasound. Arch Surg. Apr 1983;118(4):486-8. [Medline].

     Barragan B, Love L, Wachtel M, Griswold JA, Frezza EE. A comparison of anterior and posterior approaches for the surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocyst using laparoscopic cystogastrostomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. Dec 2005;15(6):596-600. [Medline].

     Clemente CD. The abdomen. In: Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Urban & Schwa;1981:246-54.

     Kim YH, Saini S, Sahani D, Hahn PF, Mueller PR, Auh YH. Imaging diagnosis of cystic pancreatic lesions: pseudocyst versus nonpseudocyst. Radiographics. May-Jun 2005;25(3):671-85. [Medline].

     Laing FC, Gooding GA, Brown T, Leopold GR. Atypical pseudocysts of the pancreas: an ultrasonographic evaluation. J Clin Ultrasound. Feb 1979;7(1):27-33. [Medline].

     Lee CM, Chang-Chien CS, Lin DY, et al. The real-time ultrasonography of pancreatic pseudocyst: comparison of infected and noninfected pseudocysts. J Clin Ultrasound. Jul-Aug 1988;16(6):393-8. [Medline].

     Pansky B. Pancreas. In: Review of Gross Anatomy. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co;1979:332-3.

     Rattner DW, Warshaw AL. Surgical intervention in acute pancreatitis. Crit Care Med. Jan 1988;16(1):89-95. [Medline].

     Scott-Conner C, Dawson DL. Internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. In: Operative Anatomy. Philadelphia: Lippincott;1993:427-30.

     Stanley JC, Frey CF, Miller TA, et al. Major arterial hemorrhage: a complication of pancreatic pseudocysts and chronic pancreatitis. Arch Surg. Apr 1976;111(4):435-40. [Medline].

     Teh SH, Pham TH, Lee A, Stavlo PL, Hanna AM, Moir C. Pancreatic pseudocyst in children: the impact of management strategies on outcome. J Pediatr Surg. Nov 2006;41(11):1889-93. [Medline].

     vanSonnenberg E, Wittich GR, Casola G, et al. Percutaneous drainage of infected and noninfected pancreatic pseudocysts: experience in 101 cases. Radiology. Mar 1989;170(3 Pt 1):757-61. [Medline].

     Vick CW, Simeone JF, Ferrucci JT Jr, et al. Pancreatitis-associated fluid collections involving the spleen: sonographic and computed tomographic appearance. Gastrointest Radiol. 1981;6(3):247-50. [Medline].

     Waltman AC, Luers PR, Athanasoulis CA, Warshaw AL. Massive arterial hemorrhage in patients with pancreatitis. Complementary roles of surgery and transcatheter occlusive techniques. Arch Surg. Apr 1986;121(4):439-43. [Medline].

     Yeo CJ, Bastidas JA, Lynch-Nyhan A, et al. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts documented by computed tomography. Surg Gynecol Obstet. May 1990;170(5):411-7. [Medline].

See Also

• Acute pancreatitis
• Chronic pancreatitis

External Links

• Goldminer: Pancreatic pseudocyst

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