Acronyms of Clinical Trial Terms

A

AAAS: American Association for the Advancement of Science

AABB: American Association of Blood Banks

AADA: Abbreviated Antibiotic Drug Application (FDA) (used primarily for generics)

AAMC: Association of American Medical Colleges

• AAPP American Academy of Pharmaceutical Physicians
• AAPS American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
• ABPI Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
• ACC American College of Clinical Pharmacology
• ACDM Association of Clinical Data Management (UK)
• ACIL A national trade association representing independent, commercial scientific, and engineering firms (formerly the American Council of Independent Laboratories)
• ACPU Association of Clinical Pharmacology Units
• ACRA Associate Commissioner for Regulatory Affairs (FDA)
• ACRP Association of Clinical Research Professionals, formerly Associates in Clinical Pharmacology (ACP)
• ACRPI Changed its name to Institute of Clinical Research (UK)
• ACT Applied Clinical Trials magazine
• ACTG AIDS Clinical Trials Group (NIAID)
• ACTU AIDS Clinical Trials Unit (NIH)
• ADaM Analysis Dataset Model (CDISC)
• ADAMHA Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (no longer exists)
• ADE adverse drug event; adverse drug effect
• ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (used to describe pharmacokinetic processes)
• ADR adverse drug reaction
• AE adverse event; adverse experience
• AEGIS ADROIT Electronically Generated Information Service, a subscription service that provides subscribing organizations with access to adverse drug reaction data from the Medicines Control Agency’s ADROIT (Adverse Drug Reaction On-line Information Tracking) database.
• AERS Adverse Event Reporting System (FDA)

AFCR See AFMR.

• AFMR American Federation for Medical Research, formerly the American Federation

for Clinical Research (AFCR)

• AHA American Heart Association
• AHCPR Agency for Health Care Policy Research (NIH)
• AICRC Association of Independent Clinical Research Contractors (UK)
• AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See also SIDA and HIV in acronym glossary.

AIG = Active Ingredient Group

• ALCOA attributable, legible, contemporaneous, original, accurate (dimensions of data

quality)

• AMA American Medical Association
• AMC Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity
• AmFAR American Foundation for AIDS Research
• AMG Arzneimittelgesetz (German Drug Law)
• AMWA American Medical Writers Association
• ANDA Abbreviated New Drug Application (for a generic drug)
• ANOVA analysis of variance (statistics)
• ANSI American National Standards Institute
• AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists
• APB Association Pharmaceutique Belge (Belgium)
• APhA American Pharmacists Association
• API active pharmaceutical ingredient
• ARCS Association of Regulatory & Clinical Scientists (Australia)
• ARENA Applied Research Ethics National Association
• ARO academic research organization
• ASAP administrative systems automation project (FDA)
• ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange (computer files)
• ASCPT American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
• ASQ American Society for Quality, formerly American Society for Quality Control
• AUC area under the curve (statistics)
• AZT zidovudine (HIV treatment)

B

BARQA British Association of Research Quality Assurance BCE beneficial clinical event Glossary Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Initials December 2003 actmagazine.com APPLIED CLINICAL TRIALS 25 BDPA Bureau of Drug Policy and Administration (China) BEUC European Bureau of Consumer Unions BfArM Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Germany) BGA Bundesgesundheitsamt (Federal health office; former German public health agency) BGVV Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Germany) BIO Biotechnology Industry Organization BIRA British Institute of Regulatory Affairs BLA Biologics License Application (FDA) BPI Bundesverband der Pharmazeutischen Industrie EV (Germany) BrAPP British Association of Pharmaceutical Physicians BSA body surface area

C

CA Competent Authority (regulatory body charged with monitoring compliance with European Union member state national statutes and regulations) CAPRA Canadian Association of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs CAS Chemical Abstracts Service CBER Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (FDA) CCI Committee on Clinical Investigations. See also Ethics Committee box. CCPPRB Comité Consultative pour la Protection des Personnes dans les Recherches Biomédicales (France). See also Ethics Committee box. CCRA Certified Clinical Research Associate. Certification issued to monitors by ACRP. CCRC Certified Clinical Research Coordinator. Certification issued to clinical coordinators by ACRP. CCRP Certified Clinical Research Professional. SOCRA certification of coordinators, monitors, and other research professionals. CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDER Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (FDA) CDISC Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (formerly a DIA special interest group called the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Committee) CDM clinical data management CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological Health (FDA) CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation (European Committee for Standardization) CEU continuing education unit CF consent form CFH Connecting for Health CFR Code of Federal Regulations (usually cited by title and part; for example, Title 21, Part 211 is shown as 21 CFR 211) 26 APPLIED CLINICAL TRIALS actmagazine.com December 2003 cGMP current good manufacturing practices CHI Consolidated Health Initiative (eGov) CHR Committee on Human Research. See also Ethics Committee box. CIOMS Council for International Organisations of Medical Sciences (postapproval international ADR reporting, UK) CIP Certified IRB Professional CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CLIA Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments Cmax concentration maximum; used in pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence to indicate maximum plasma concentration for a drug CMC chemistry, manufacturing, and control CME continuing medical education CNS central nervous system COP CDISC operating process/procedure COSTART Coding Symbols for a Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms. See also MedDRA. CPHS Committee for the protection of human subjects CPMP Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (EU) CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission (U.S.) CRA clinical research associate. See also CCRA CRADA cooperative research and development agreement (with NIH) CRB case record book CRB central review board CRC clinical research coordinator. See also CCRC, SC, SSC CRF case report form (sometimes case record form) CRO contract research organization. See also IPRO. CSDD Center for the Study of Drug Development CSF Collaborative Standards Forum (CDISC) CSM Committee on Safety of Medicines (UK) CSO Consumer Safety Officer (FDA) CSR clinical study report CSU clinical supply unit CT clinical trial CTC clinical trial certificate (UK) CTD common technical document 1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards reasonable to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment. The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity. 2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature. 3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment. 4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. 5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects. 6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment. 7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death. 8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment. 9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible. 10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject. Reprinted from Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Vol. 2, pp. 181–182. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949. Nuremberg Code—Directives for Human Experimentation December 2003 actmagazine.com APPLIED CLINICAL TRIALS 27 CTEP Clinical Therapeutics Evaluation Program (NCI) CTM clinical trials materials CTX clinical trial exemption (MCA) CV curriculum vitae CVM Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDA)

D

DAWN Drug Abuse Warning Network DD Department of Drugs (Swedish regulatory agency) DEA Drug Enforcement Administration (U.S.) DEN Drug Experience Network DES Data Encryption Standard DESI Drug Efficacy Study Implementation notice (FDA, to evaluate drugs in use before 1962) DGPharMed Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pharmazeutische Medizin (German Society of Pharmaceutical Medicine), formerly FÄPI DHEW Department of Health, Education and Welfare (U.S., now split into DHHS and Department of Education) DHHS Department of Health and Human Services (U.S.) DHTML dynamic HTML (IT) DIA Drug Information Association DICOM Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine DLT dose-limiting toxicity DMB Data Management Biomedical (France) DoD Department of Defense (U.S.) DPC-PTR Act Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (also Waxman-Hatch or Hatch-Waxman bill) DSI Division of Scientific Investigations (FDA) DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (of the American Psychiatric Association) DSMB Data and Safety Monitoring Board DSNP development of standardized nomenclature project (FDA) DTC direct-to-consumer (drug advertising) DTD document type definition (XML)

E

E3C European CDISC Coordinating Committee EAB Editorial Advisory Board (Applied Clinical Trials) EAB Ethical advisory board. See also Ethics Committee box. EC ethics committee. See also Ethics Committee box. EC European Commission (in documents older than the mid-1980s, EC may mean European Community) ECG electrocardiogram ECG European CDISC Group ECJ European Court of Justice ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (U.S.) ECPHIN European Community Pharmaceutical Products Information Network eCRF electronic case report form EDC electronic data capture/collection EDI electronic data interchange EEC European Economic Community, now EU; some regulatory documents still have EEC document numbers EFGCP European Forum for Good Clinical Practice EFPIA European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations EFTA European Free Trade Association EIR Establishment Inspection Report (FDA) ELA Establishment License Application (FDA) EMEA European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products EMS electronic mail service EMWA European Medical Writers Association EORTC European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer EP European Parliament EPAR European Public Assessment Report EPO European Patent Office EPRG European Pharmacovigilance Research Group ER Essential Requirements (EMEA) ESRA European Society of Regulatory Affairs ESTRI Electronic Standards for the Transfor of Regulatory Information (ICH) EU European Union EUDRA European Union Drug Regulatory Authorities EUDRACT European Union clinical trials database EWG expert working group

F

FAQ frequently asked questions Farmindustria The Association of Italian Pharmaceutical Manufacturers FD&C Act Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (U.S.) FDA Food and Drug Administration (U.S.) FDAMA FDA Modernization Act FDLI Food and Drug Law Institute FFPM Fellow of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine (UK) FRCP Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, sometimes followed by a place name—for example, FRCP (Edin.)—that indicates a university medical school FTC Federal Trade Commission (U.S.) FTP File Transfer Protocol FWA Federal-wide assurance

G

GAO General Accounting Office (U.S. government) GBP good business practice Gbps gigabits or billions of bits per second (data transmission) GCP good clinical practice GCRP good clinical research practice GLP good laboratory practice GMP good manufacturing practice GP general practitioner; general practice (UK) GPMS good postmarketing surveillance practice (Japan) GRAS generally regarded as safe (foods) GXP good [pharmaceutical] practice

H

HCFA Health Care Financing Administration; now renamed The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. HEX human experimentation committee. See also Ethics Committee box. HHS Department of Health and Human Services (U.S., also called DHHS) HIMA Health Industry Manufacturers Association HIMSS Health Information and Management Systems Society HIPPA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HL7 Health Level 7 (a not-forprofit ANSI-accredited standards developing organization (SDO) HPB Health Protection Branch, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control (Canada) HPLC high performance liquid chromatography HSRC human subjects review committee. See also Ethics Committee box. HTML Hypertext Markup Language HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

I

I3C India CDISC Coordinating Committee IAB Industry Advisory Board (for CDISC) IB investigator’s brochure IC informed consent ICD9 International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision. See also MedDRA. ICG India CDISC Group ICH International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICR Institute of Clinical Research (formerly ACRPI, Association for Clinical Research in the Pharmaceutical Industry, UK) ICSR individual case safety report ICTH International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostases IEC independent ethics committee. See also Ethics Committee box. IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. IFAPP International Federation of Associations of Pharmaceutical Physicians IFPMA International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Associations IG Inspector General (HHS) IKS Interkantonale Kontrollstelle für Heilmittel (Switzerland) IMP investigational materials plan IND Investigational New Drug application (FDA). See also TIND IOM Institute of Medicine (National Academy of Science, U.S.) IPRO independent pharmaceutical research organization. See also CRO IRB institutional review board; independent review board. See also Ethics Committee box. IRD International Registration Document ISCB International Society for Clinical Biostatistics ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISO International Organization for Standardization ISP Internet service provider IT information technology ITU-T Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunications Union IVD in vitro diagnostics IVR interactive voice response (telephone technology) IVRS interactive voice response system

J

J3C Japan CDISC Coordinating Committee JCAHO Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations JCG Japan CDISC Group JMA Japan Medical Association JPMA Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association Kbps kilobits or thousands of bits per second (data transmission)

L

LAB Laboratory Data Model (CDISC) LAN local area network LIF Swedish Pharmaceutical Industry Association LKP Leiter der klinischen Prüfung LOA letter of agreement LREC local research ethics committee (UK). See also Ethics Committee box.

M

MA marketing authorization MAA Marketing application (EU) Mbps millions of bits per second (data transmission) MCA Medicines Control Agency (UK) MDR Medical Device Reporting MedDRA Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (new global standard medical terminology designed to supersede other terminologies used in the medical product development process, including COSTART, ICD9, and others) MEDLARS Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System MEFA Association of the Danish Pharmaceutical Industry MEP Member of the European Parliament MHLW Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Japan) MIAME minimum information about a microarray experiment (standard for microarray data) MOH Ministry of Health (UK, Canada, others) MOPH Ministry of Public Health MOU Memorandum of Understanding (an MOU between FDA and a regulatory agency in another country allows mutual recognition of inspections) December 2003 actmagazine.com APPLIED CLINICAL TRIALS 29 MR medical representative (Japan) MRA medical research associate MREC multicentre research ethics committee(UK). See also Ethics Committee box. MRI magnetic resonance imaging MTD maximum tolerated dose MVP master validation plan

N

NABR National Association for Biomedical Research NAF Notice of Adverse Findings (FDA postaudit letter) NAI No Action Indicated (most favorable FDA postinspection classification) NAS new active substance (UK) NAS–NRC National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council (U.S.) NBAC National Bioethics Advisory Commission (U.S.) NCCAM National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, formerly Office of Alternative Medicine (NIH) NCCTG North Central Cancer Treatment Group (U.S.) NCDM Nordic Clinical Data Management (Association) NCE new chemical entity NCHGR National Center for Human Genome Research (NIH) NCHS National Center for Health Statistics (in CDC) NCI National Cancer Institute (NIH) NCPDP National Council for Prescription Drug Programs NCPIE National Council on Patient Information and Education (Washington, DC) NCR no carbon [paper] required NCRR National Center for Research Resources (NIH) NCVIA National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (1986) NDA New Drug Application (FDA) NDS New Drug Submission (Canada’s new drug application) NEFARMA Dutch Association of the Innovative Pharmaceutical Industry NEI National Eye Institute (NIH) NGO nongovernmental organization NHI National Health Insurance (Japan) NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH) NHS National Health Service (UK) NIA National Institute on Aging (NIH) NIAAA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIH) NIAID National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIH) NIAMS National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIH) NICHD National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH) NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIH) NIDCD National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIH) NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH) NIDR National Institute of Dental Research (NIH) NIEHS National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH) NIGMS National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH) NIH National Institutes of Health (DHHS) NIMH National Institute of Mental Health (NIH) NINDS National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NIH) NINR National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH) NIRB noninstitutional review board. See also Ethics Committee box. NLM National Library of Medicine (NIH) NME new molecular entity NOEL No observable effect level [dose of an experimental drug given pre-clinically, that does not produce an observable toxicity] NRB noninstitutional review board, also known as an independent review board. See also Ethics Committee box. NSCLC non-small cell lung carcinoma NTP National Toxicology Program

O

OAI Official action indicated (serious FDA post-inspection classification) OAM See NCCAM ODAC Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee (U.S.) ODE Office of Drug Evaluation (CDER now has five such offices: ODE I, II, III, IV, and V) ODM Operational Data Model [CDISC] OGD Office of Generic Drugs (CDER, formerly DGB) OGE Office of Government Ethics (formerly part of Office of Personnel Management, separate executive branch in 1989) OHRP Office for Human Research Protections OIG Office of the Inspector General OJC Office Journal of the European Union–C Series (Information) OJEC Official Journal of the European Communities OJL Office Journal of the European Union–L Series (Legislation) OMB Office of Management and Budget (U.S.) OPRR Office for Protection from Research Risks (predecessor to OHRP) OSHA Occupational Safety Health Administration (U.S.) OTA Office of Technology Assessment (U.S.; abolished by Congress, Fall 1995) OTC over-the-counter (refers to nonprescription drugs)

P

PAB Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau (Japan) PAHO Pan American Health Organization 30 APPLIED CLINICAL TRIALS actmagazine.com December 2003 PCC Poison Control Center PCP Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia PD pharmacodynamics PDA personal digital assistant (Palm Pilot, for example) PDF Portable Document Format PDQ Physicians’ Data Query (NCI-sponsored cancer trial registry) PDR Physicians’ Desk Reference PDUFA Prescription Drug User Fee Act (1992, U.S.) PEM prescription event monitoring PERI Pharmaceutical Education & Research Institute (notfor- profit division of PhRMA) PFT pulmonary function tests PhRMA Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (formerly PMA) PHS Public Health Service (U.S.) PI principal investigator PK pharmacokinetics PKI public key infrastructure PLA Product License Application (FDA) PMA Pre-Market Approval application (FDA) PMS postmarketing surveillance PPI patient package insert PPO preferred provider organization; policy and procedure order PR partial response; pulse rate PRIM&R Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research (Boston, MA) PROG peer-review oversight group (NIH) PSUR periodic safety update report PTC Points to Consider

Q

QA quality assurance QAU quality assurance unit QC quality control QL quality of life QOL quality of life

R

R&D research and development RADAR Risk Assessment of Drugs—Analysis and Response RAPS Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society RCRIM Regulated Clinical Research and Information Management (HL7) RCT randomized clinical trial RDE remote data entry RDRC Radioactive Drug Research Committee REB research ethics board (Canada) RIM Reference Information Model (HL7) RKI Robert-Koch-Institut, Bundesinstitut für Infektionskrankheiten und nich-übertragbare Krankheiten (Federal Institute for Infectious and Non-communicable Diseases, Germany) RL regulatory letter (FDA postaudit letter)

S

SAE serious adverse event SAS Statistical Analysis System (commonly used statistical analysis package) SATCM State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (China) SBA summary basis of approval SC study coordinator. See also CRC, CCRC, SSC SCDM Society for Clinical Data Management (US) SCT Society for Clinical Trials SD standard deviation SDA State Drug Administration (China) SDM Submission Data Model (CDISC) SDO standards development organization SDS Submission Domain Standards (CDISC) SDS submissions data standard SE standard error (statistics) SEA Single European Act of 1987 SEER Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the the National Cancer Institute that collects and publishes cancer incidence and survival data. SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language SIAC Special Interest Area Community (DIA) SIG Special Interest Group (HL7) SLA service level agreement SMART Submission Management and Review Tracking (FDA) SME significant medical event SMO site management organization SmPC Summary of Product Characteristics SNDA Supplemental New Drug Application SNIP Syndicat National de l’Industrie Pharmaceutique (France) SNOMED Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (a dictionary) SOCRA Society of Clinical Research Associates SOP standard operating procedure SPAC State Pharmaceutical Administration of China SPM Society of Pharmaceutical Medicine (UK) SQA Society of Quality Assurance SQAP systems quality assurance plan SSC study site coordinator. See also CRC, CCRC, SC SSCT Swedish Society for Clinical Trials SSFA Società di Scienze Farmacologiche Applicate (Italy) STF study tagging file STT short term tests SC study coordinator. See clinical research coordinator. SUA serious unexpected adverse event SUD sudden unexpected death SWOG Southwest Oncology Group (U.S.)

T

TC Technical Committee (HL7) TCC Technical Coordinating Committee (CDISC) TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TESS treatment emergent signs and symptoms TIND Treatment IND. See also IND TK toxicokinetics Tmax the time after dosing when Cmax occurs TMO trial management organization

U

URL uniform resource locator (address of a Web site) USC United States Code (book of laws) USDA Department of Agriculture (U.S.) USP United States Pharmacopeia

V

VA Veterans Administration (officially, United States Department of Veterans Affairs) VAERS Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System VAI Voluntary Action Indicated (FDA postaudit inspection classification) VGDS Voluntary Genomic Data Submission VPN virtual private network

W

WAN wide area network WHO World Health Organization WHOART World Health Organization Adverse Reaction Terminology WL Warning Letter (most serious FDA postaudit letter, demands immediate action within 15 days) WRAIR Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (DoD) WTO World Trade Organization www World Wide Web

X

XML Extensible Markup Language

Clinical Trial Acronyms

(--

4S	Scandinavian simvastatin survival study;
6C trial	cooperative colorectal cancer combination chemotherapy clinical;
AAASPS	African-American antiplatelet stroke prevention study;
AASK	African-American study of kidney disease and hypertension
ABC study	Association of Black Cardiologists study of hypertension;
ABCD	alternans before cardioverter-defibrillator appropriate blood pressure control in diabetes
AbESTT	abciximab [ReoPro™] in emergent stroke treatment trial
ACADEMIC	azithromycin in coronary artery disease: elimination of myocardial infection with chlamydia
ACAS	asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study;
ACCENT	A Crohn's disease clinical trial evaluating infliximab in a new long-term treatment regimen
ACCESS	acute candesartan cilexetil evaluation in stroke survivors a case control etiological study of sarcoidosis
ACCORD	action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes
ACES	Avelox™ clinical experience study azithromycin and coronary events study
ACME	angioplasty compared to medicine
ACIP	asymptomatic cardiac ischemia pilot study
ACRE	appropriateness of coronary revascularization
ACST	asymptomatic carotid surgery trial
ACT	angioplasty compliance trial attacking claudication with ticlopidine
ACTION	a clinical trial in overt nephropathy; actinomycin eluting stent improves outcomes by reducing neointimal hyperplasia a coronary disease trial investigating outcome with nifedipine GITS
ACUTE	analysis of coronary ultrasound thrombolysis endpoints in acute myocardial infarction; Angiosonics assessment of cardioversion utilizing transesophageal echocardiography;
ADAM	Amsterdam duration of antiretroviral medication study aneurysm detection and management study
ADAPT	Alzheimer's disease anti-inflammatory prevention trial;
ADCS	Alzheimer's disease cooperative study
ADEMEX	adequacy of peritoneal dialysis in Mexico; sponsor: Baxter Healthcare Corporation
ADEPT	advanced elements of pacing trial; sponsor: Medtronic
ADMIRAL	abciximab before direct angioplasty and stenting in myocardial infarction regarding acute and long-term followup
ADMIT	arterial disease multiple intervention trial
ADONIS	aspirin dose optimized in noncardioembolic ischemic stroke
ADOPT	a diabetes outcome progression trial;
ADOPT-A	atrial dynamic overdrive pacing trial-A
ADVANCE	a dosing evaluation of a vasopressin antagonist in CHF patients undergoing exercise
AEGIS	alternative graft investigational study;
AFCAPS	Air Force coronary atherosclerosis prevention study
AFFIRM	atrial fibrilation followup: investigation of rhythm management
AFIB	atrial fibrillation investigation with bidisomide
AGENT	angiogenic gene therapy
AGIS	advanced glaucoma intervention study
A-HeFT	African-American heart failure trial;
AIR	aerosolized iloprost randomized placebo-controlled study; sponsor: Schering AG
AIST-ASH	acute ischemic stroke trial: oral aspirin vs intravenous heparin on stroke progression
ALERT	adjunctive Lamictal® in epilepsy and response to treatment assessment of Lescol® in renal transplantation
ALIVE	adenosine lidocaine infarct zone viability enhancement amiodarone versus lidocaine in prehospital ventricular fibrillation evaluation; sponsor: Wyeth Pharmaceuticals azimilide postinfarct survival evaluation;
ALLHAT	antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial;
ALLIANCE	aggressive lipid lowering to alleviate new cardiovascular endpoints
ALTS	ASCUS/LSIL triage study [ASCUS - atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance; LSIL - low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion]
AMAZE	a multicenter trial using Atacand®-Zestril®* versus Zestril to evaluate the effects on lowering blood pressure [*Atacand as add-on therapy with Zestril]
AMIGO	AC2993: diabetes management for improving glucose outcomes; sponsor: Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
AMISTAD	acute myocardial infarction study of adenosine;
APASS	antiphospholipid antibody stroke study
APC	adenoma prevention with celecoxib;
APOCARD	Apomate™ imaging in cardiac transplant patients
APRES	angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition post revascularization study
ARCH	amiodarone reduction in coronary heart
ARCHeR	Acculink™ for revascularization of carotids in high-risk patients
AREDS	age-related eye disease study
ARIC	atherosclerosis risk in communities
ARMS	APSAC reocclusion multicenter study
ARREST	AngioRad™ radiation for restenosis;
ARTISTIC	AngioRad™ radiation therapy for in-stent restenosis intracoronary;
ASAP	azimilide supraventricular arrhythmia program;
ASCENT	ACS stent clinical equivalence in de novo lesions trial
ASCOT	Anglo-Scandinavian cardiac outcome trial
ASPECT	anticoagulants in the secondary prevention of events in coronary thrombosis;
ASPEN	atorvastatin [Lipitor™] study for the prevention of endpoints for patients with NIDDM
ASSENT	assessment of the safety and efficacy of a new thrombolytic [TNKase™];
ASTIS	autologous stem cell transplantation international scleroderma trial
ASTRID	atrial sensing trial to prevent inappropriate detections
ASTRONAUT	acid suppression trial: ranitidine [Zantac®] versus omeprazole [Prilosec®] for NSAID-associated ulcer treatment
ATAC	Arimidex (anastrozole), tamoxifen and combination therapy Arimidex (anastrozole) and tamoxifen alone or in combination
ATBAT	anticoagulant therapy with bivalirudin [Angiomax™] to assist in PCI 1st inning trial (PCI in HIT/HITTS)
ATICH	antifibrinolytic therapy in acute intracerebral hemorrhage
ATLAS	Acolysis during treatment of lesions affecting saphenous vein bypass grafts; Angiosonics' Acolysis System™ assessment of treatment with lisinopril and survival;
ATLANTIC	angina treatments – lasers and normal therapies in comparison
ATLANTIS	alteplase thrombolysis for acute noninterventional therapy in ischemic stroke
AT LAST	antiretroviral trial looking at sex and treatment
AtoZ	Aggrastat® to Zocor® study; sponsor: Merck
ATRIA	anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation
ATS	amblyopia treatment study
ATTRACT	anti-TNF trial in rheumatoid arthritis with cA2 treatment; anti-TNF trial in rheumatoid arthritis with concomitant therapy
AVASIS	aspirin versus anticoagulants in symptomatic intracranial stenosis
AVERT	artificial valve endocarditis reduction trial atorvastatin versus revascularization treatments
AVID	antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators
AWESOME	angina with extremely serious operative mortality evaluation
AZACS	azithromycin in acute coronary syndromes
BARI BARI 2D	bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation 2 diabetes;
BARS	Beaumont alcohol restenosis study
BASC	blood pressure in acute stroke collaboration
BATMAN	BiodivYsio® 'bat'imastat SV stent versus balloon angioplasty for the reduction of restenosis in small coronary arteries;
BCPT	breast cancer prevention trial
BEAT	bucindolol evaluation in acute myocardial infarction trial;
BECAIT	bezafibrate coronary atherosclerosis intervention trial
BELLES	beyond endorsed lipid lowering with EBCT scannings
BENEFIT	Betaferon® [Betaseron® in U.S.] in newly emerging MS for initial treatment; information
BENESTENT	Belgium Netherlands stent
BERT	beta energy restenosis trial;
BESMART	beStent™ in small arteries
BEST	beta-blocker evaluation of survival trial;
BEST-ICD	beta-blocker evaluation of survival trial plus ICD
BETTER	beta radiation trial to eliminate restenosis;
BHACAS	beating heart against cardioplegic arrest studies
BIP	bezafibrate infarction prevention
BLIND-DATE	blinded withdrawal of deprenyl in the DATATOP extension trial
BLOSS	beta blocker length of stay study
BPAV	balloon prophylaxis of aneurysmal vasospasm
BRAINS	Bayer randomized acute ischemia neuroprotectant study biochemical research and information study
BRAVO	beta radiation for treatment of arteriovenous graft outflow; sponsor: Novoste Corporation [Corona™ system] blockade of the GP IIb/IIIa receptor to avoid vascular occlusion;
BREATHE-1	bosentan [Tracleer™]: randomized trial of endothelin receptor antagonist therapy for pulmonary hypertension
BRILLIANT	batimastat (BB-94) antirestenosis trial utilizing the BiodivYsio® local drug delivery PC stent;
BRITE BRITE-SVG	beta radiation to reduce in-stent restenosis; beta radiation to reduce in-stent restenosis for saphenous vein bypass grafts
CABERNET	carotid artery revascularization using the Boston Scientific EPI FilterWire EX and the EndoTex NexStent
CACHET	comparison of abciximab complications with Hirulog® [Angiomax™ as of 1999] ischemic events trial
CADILLAC	controlled abciximab [ReoPro™] and device investigation to lower late angioplasty complications
CAESAR	Canada, Australia, Europe, South Africa AIDS study;
CALM	candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria study
CALM-PD	comparison of the agonist pramipexole vs. levodopa on motor complications in Parkinson disease
CALYPSO	cylexin as an adjunct to lytic therapy to prevent superoxide reflow injury
CAMELOT	comparison of amlodipine versus enalapril [Lipitor®] to limit occurrences of thrombosis
CAMEO	cerebral aneurysm multicenter European Onyx™
CANDLE	candesartan versus losartan efficacy comparison;
CAPARES	coronary angioplasty amlodipine restenosis study
CAPRICORN	carvedilol post infarction survival control in left ventricular dysfunction
CAPRIE	clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events;
CAPT	complications of AMD [age-related macular degeneration] prevention trial
CAPTEN	captopril after thrombolysis trial;
CAPTIM	comparison of angioplasty and prehospital thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction
CAPTIN	captopril before reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction captopril plus tissue plasminogen activator following acute myocardial infarction
CAPTURE	c7E3 antiplatelet therapy in unstable refractory angina
CARDIA	coronary artery risk development in young adults
CARDS	collaborative atorvastatin [Lipitor™]and diabetes study
CARE	calcium antagonist in reperfusion; cholesterol and recurrent events; carvedilol atherectomy restenosis;
CARE-HD	coenzyme Q10 and remacemide: evaluation in Huntington disease
CARE-HF	cardiac resynchronization - heart failure; European complement to U.S./Canada MIRACLE study
CARISA	combination assessment of ranolazine in stable angina;
CARMEN	carvedilol ACE inhibitors remodelling mild heart failure evaluation
CART	Canadian antioxidant restenosis trial
CASES	Canadian activase for stroke effectiveness study
CASH	cardiac arrest study-Hamburg
CAST	cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial;
CASTLE	candesartan amlodipine study of tolerability and efficacy
CAT	Chinese ACE inhibitor in acute myocardial infarction trial cardiomyopathy trial
CATAPULT	cisplatin and tirapazamine in subjects with advanced previously untreated non–small cell lung tumors
CATIE	clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness; see trial information
CATS	Canadian American ticlopidine study captopril and thrombolysis study
CAVATAS	carotid and vertebral artery transluminal angioplasty study
CBT-CD	cognitive behavior therapy for the chronic depressions;
CEDARS	comprehensive evaluation of defibrillators and resuscitative shock
CEOS	congenital esotropia observational study
CHAMP	children's HIV and AIDS model program combination chemotherapy and mortality prevention
CHAMPIONS	controlled high-risk subjects Avonex™ MS prevention in ongoing neurologic surveillance
CHAMPS	controlled high-risk subjects Avonex™ MS prevention study
CHARM	candesartan cilexitil [Atacand™] in heart failure assessment of reduction mortality and morbidity
CHEESE	comparative trial of HIV-infected patients evaluating efficacy and safety of saquinavir-enhanced oral formulation and indinavir given as part of a triple drug therapy;
CHF-STAT	congestive heart failure survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy
CHRISTMAS	carvedilol hibernation reversible ischemia trial; marker of success
CHS	cardiovascular health study Charleston heart study community health study Congenital Heart Surgeons Society study coronary heart study
CIBIS	cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study
CIDS	Canadian implantable defibrillator study; sponsor: Medtronic
CIGTS	collaborative initial glaucoma treatment study
CLASS	celecoxib [Celebrex®] long-term arthritis safety study clomethiazole acute stroke study
CLASSICS	clopidogrel [Plavix™] aspirin stent international cooperative study
CLASS-IHT	clomethiazole acute stroke study in ischemic, hemorrhagic, and tPA treated stroke
CLEERE	collaborative longitudinal evaluation of ethnicity and refractive error
COAST	heparin-coated stents in small coronary arteries
COCAD	cognitive outcomes in coronary artery disease
COLA	carvedilol open label assessment
COMBINE	combining medications and behavorial interventions;
COMET	carvedilol or metoprolol European trial
COMMA	compliment inhibition in myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty [evaluation of IV dosing regimens of h5G1.1-scFv]; sponsors: Procter & Gamble and Alexion Pharmaceuticals
COMPANION	comparison of medical therapy, pacing and defibrillation in chronic heart failure; Guidant Corporation
COMPLY	compliment inhibition in myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytics [evaluation of IV dosing regimens of h5G1.1-scFv]; sponsors: Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals and Alexion Pharmaceuticals
COMS	collaborative ocular melanoma study
CONVINCE	controlled onset verapamil investigation of cardiovascular endpoints
COOL	cardiovascular thrombolytic to open occluded lines [t-PA]
COOL AID	cooling for acute ischemic brain damage;
COOL MI	cooling as an adjunctive therapy to percutaneous intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction;
COPERNICUS	carvedilol [Coreg®] prospective randomized cumulative survival
COPPA	clinical outcomes from the prevention of postoperative arrhythmia
CORE	continuing outcomes relevant to Evista™
COSS	carotid occlusion surgery study
COURAGE	clinical outcomes utilizing revascularization and aggressive drug evaluation;
COURT	a randomized trial of contrast media utilization in high risk PTCA
CRASH	corticosteroid randomization after significant head injury
CREDO	clopidogrel [Plavix™] for reduction of events during observation
CREST	carotid revascularization endarterectomy vs stenting trial
CRUISE	can routine ultrasound influence stent expansion
CURE	clopidogrel in unstable angina to prevent recurrent ischemic events
DAIS	diabetes atherosclerosis intervention study
DAISY	diabetes autoimmunity study in the young
DATATOP	deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidative therapy of parkinsonism
DAVID	dual-chamber and VVI implantable defibrillator; see
DEBATE	Doppler endpoints balloon angioplasty trial Europe;
DECOPI	la desobstruction coronaire en post-infarctus
DEFINITE	defibrillators in nonischemic cardiomyopathy treatment evaluation
DEFUSE	diffusion-weighted imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evaluation;
DESTINI-CFR	Doppler endpoints stenting international investigation - coronary flow reserve;
DIADS	depression in Alzheimer disease study
DIAGNOSIS	diffusion-weighted imaging assessment of the genuine need for other studies in ischemic stroke
DIAMOND	distensibility improvement with ALT-711 remodeling in diastolic heart failure; sponsor: Alteon Inc.
DIAMOND CHF	Danish investigators of arrhythmia and mortality on dofetilde congestive heart failure;
DIGAMI	diabetes mellitus insulin-glucose infusion in acute myocardial infarction
DMIST	digital mammographic imaging screening trial
DINAMIT	defibrillation in acute myocardial infarction trial
DIRECT	diabetic retinopathy candesartan trial; candesartan cilexetil (Atacand®)
DIRECTOR	direct stenting study with Orbus R stent™; sponsor: Orbus Medical Technologies
DISC	disability in strategies for care
DISTINCT	BiodivYsio™ stent in controlled trial
DPT-1	diabetes prevention trial - type 1;
DREAM	diabetes reduction approaches with ramipril and rosiglitazone medications
DYSBOT	Dysport and Botox study;
EAGAR	estrogen and graft atherosclerosis research trial
EARS	European atherosclerosis research study
ECCO 2000	effects of citicoline (CerAxon™) on clinical outcome - 2000 mg;
EDGE™	evaluation of daptomycin [Cidecin™] in gram-positive entities
EDGECAP	evaluation of daptomycin [Cidecin™] in gram-positive entities in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia
EDGESST	evaluation of daptomycin [Cidecin™] in gram-positive entities in the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections
EDGEUTI	evaluation of daptomycin [Cidecin™] in gram-positive entities in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection
ED-IMPACT	emergency department impedance cardiography-aided assessment changes therapy; sponsor: CardioDynamics International
EFICAT	ejection fraction in cardiac transplant patients
EGASIS	early GABA-ergic activation sin troke
ELECT	evaluating enoxaparin [Lovenox®] clotting times; see
ELITE	evaluation of losartan in the elderly
ELLDOPA	earlier versus later levodopa in Parkinson disease
ENABLE	endothelin antagonist bosentan for lowering cardiac events in heart failure
ENCORE	evaluation of nifedipine and cerivastatin on the recovery of endothelial function; web site
ENRICHD	enhancing recovery in coronary heart disease
ENTIRE	enoxaparin and TNK-tPA with or without GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor as reperfusion strategy in ST elevation MI [TIMI-23];
EPHESUS	eplerenone neurohormonal efficacy and survival study; eplerenone post-AMI heart failure efficacy and survival study
EPIC	evaluation of c7E3 for prevention of ischemic complications
EPILOG	evaluation in PTCA to improve long-term outcome with abciximab GP IIb/IIIa blockade;
EPISTENT	evaluation of platelet IIb/IIIa inhibitor for stenting trial
ERA	early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) study enoxaparin restenosis after angioplasty study estrogen replacement and atherosclerosis study
ERASE	emergency room assessment of sestamibi for evaluation of chest pain
ERGO	etomoxir for the recovery of glucose oxidation
ER-TIMI	early Retavase™ - thrombolysis in myocardial infarction
ESCAPE	evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness
ESPRIT	enhanced suppression of the platelet IIb/IIIa receptor with Integrilin™ therapy European study of the prevention of reocclusion after initial thrombolysis evaluation of subcutaneous proleukin in a randomized international trial
ESPS2	European stroke prevention study 2
ESSENCE	efficacy and safety of subcutaneous enoxaparin in non–Q-wave coronary events;
ESSENTIAL	the studies of oral enoximone therapy in advanced heart failure; sponsor: Myogen, Inc.
ETHECC	evaluation of Thymitaq™ in hepatocellular carcinoma; sponsor: Eximas Pharmaceutical Corporation
ETROP	early treatment of retinopathy of prematurity
Euro-SPAH	European-sonotherapy prevention of arterial hyperplasia; sponsor: PharmaSonics, Inc.
EVIDENCE	evidence for interferon dose-effect: European-North American comparative efficacy study [Rebif® v. Avonex™ in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)]
EVIDENT	endovascular investigation determining the safety of a new tacrolimus-eluting stent graft; sponsor: JOMED N.V.
EXCITE	evaluation of oral xemilofiban in controlling thrombotic events;
EXCITe	extremity constraint-induced therapy
EXCLAIM	extended clinical prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients [Lovenox™ (enoxaparin) postmarketing (phase IV) trial]; sponsor: Aventis
FACET	fosinopril versus amlodipine cardiovascular events randomized trial
FAME	fluvastatin [Lescol®] assessment of morbi-mortality in the elderly
FASTER	fibrinolytic and Aggrastat® ST elevation resolution; first abarelix depot study for treating endometriosis rapidly first and second trimester evaluation of risk; see study information
FAST-MAG	field administration of stroke therapy - magnesium
FIELD	fenofibrate [TriCor®] intervention and event lowering in diabetes
FIRST	Flolan (dobutamine) international randomized survival trial first trimester integrated risk screening for trisomy [information]
FLARE	fluvastatin [Lescol®] angiographic restenosis
FOOD	feed or ordinary diet
FOSIT	Fosamax® international trial
FRAXIS / FRAX.I.S.	Fraxiparine® in ischemic syndromes
FRIC	Fragmin® in unstable coronary artery disease
FRISC	fast revascularization during instability in coronary artery disease Fragmin® during instability in coronary artery disease
FROSTY	Freezor™ trial of supraventricular tachycardia
FUSION	fractional flow reserve and ultrasound indices for objective narrowing assessment
GART study	genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing
GEMS	'Ginkgo biloba 'evaluation memory study
GISEN	gruppo Italiano di studi epidemiologici in nefrologia
GUSTO	global utilization of streptokinase and tPA for occluded arteries;
GUSTO-SPEED	global utilization of streptokinase and tPA for occluded arteries–strategies for patency enhancement in the emergency department
HALT-C	hepatitis C antiviral long-term treatment to prevent cirrhosis;
HANDLS	health aging in nationally diverse longitudinal samples
HARDBALL	heart allograft rejection: detection with breath alkanes in low levels
HeADDFIRST	hemicraniectomy and durotomy for deterioration from infarction relating swelling trial
HEART	healing and early afterload reducing therapy
HEAT 2	hypertension endothelin antagonist treatment
HEME	hemorrhage early MRI evaluation
HERO	Hirulog® early reperfusion/occlusion trial
HERS	heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study HIV epidemiology research study
HESTIA	home evaluation of stroke induced aid
HIPS	heparin infusion prior to stenting;
HIT	HDL-cholesterol intervention trial hirudin for the improvement of thrombolysis
HOPE	heart outcomes prevention evaluation;
HOPE-TOO	heart outcomes prevention evaluation - the ongoing outcomes
HORIZON	health outcomes and reduced incidence with zoledronic once yearly
HOT	hypertension optimum treatment
HPS	heart protection study
HRS	health and retirement study
HYVET	hypertension in the very elderly trial
ICE-IT	intravascular cooling adjunctive to primary coronary intervention
ICSS	international carotid stenting study (CAVATAS-2)
IDEAL	incremental decrease in endpoints through aggressive lipid lowering Iressa® dose evaluation in advanced lung cancer
IDNT	irbesartan [Avapro®] in diabetic nephropathy trial
IHAST	intraoperative hypothermia for aneurysm surgery trial
IMAGES	intravenous magnesium efficacy in stroke
IMAGINE	ischemic management with Accupril™ post bypass graft via inhibition of converting enzyme
IMPACT	Integrilin™ to manage platelet aggregation to prevent coronary thrombosis international mexiletine or placebo antiarrhythmic coronary trial; international multiple sclerosis secondary progressive Avonex™ controlled trial
IMPRESS	inhibition of metalloprotease by BMS-186716 in a randomized exercise and symptoms study;
IMS	interventional management of stroke study
INCOMIN	independent comparison of interferon [Betaseron® v. Avonex™ in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)]
InDDEx	investigation into delay to diagnosis of Alzheimer disease with Exelon™
INHIBIT	intimal hyperplasia inhibition with beta in-stent trial; Guidant Corporation
INSIGHT	international nifedipine once-daily study – intervention as a goal in hypertension treatment; web site
INTACT	Iressa® non–small cell lung cancer trial assessing combination treatment
INTEGRITI	Integrilin® and tenecteplase [TNKase™] in acute myocardial infarction;
InTIME	intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early;
INTrEPID	investigation of non–transplant-eligible patients who are inotrope dependent; see
INTRO-AMI	Integrilin® and reduced dose of thrombolytic in acute myocardial infarction
IONA	impact of nicorandil in angina
IONDT	ischemic optic neuropathy decompression trial
IRAS	insulin resistance atherosclerosis study
IRMA 2	irbesartan [Avapro®] microalbuminuria type 2
IRIS	Isostent for restenosis intervention study
ISAAC	international study of asthma and allergies in childhood
ISAR	intracoronary stenting and antithrombotic regimen
ISAR-STEREO	intracoronary stenting and angiographic results - strut thickness effect on restenosis outcome
ISAT	international subarachnoid aneurysm trial
ISTICH	international surgical trial in intracerebral hemorrhage
ITT	intraventricular thrombolysis trial
IVAT	intermediate sized vessel atherectomy trial
L-CAD	lipid-coronary artery disease [pravastatin]; sponsor, Bristol-Myers Squibb
LACI	laser angioplasty for critical ischemia;
LAMP	locally advanced multimodality protocol; [1]
LARS	laser angioplasty in restenosed stents
LaSRS	late steroid rescue study
LATE	late assessment of thrombolytic efficacy;
LEADER	lower extremity arterial disease event reduction
LIDO	levosimendan [Simdax™] infusion versus dobutamine in low output heart failure
LIDS	lumbar invertebrae disk study [device trial]
LIFE	losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension
LIMB	ultrasound lysing in lower extremities to minimize blood clots; Angiosonics
LIMIT	long lesion intracoronary radiation to minimize intimal hyperplasia trial; sponsor: Guidant Corp. [Galileo™ intravascular radiotherapy system]
LIPID	long-term intervention with pravastatin in ischemic disease;
LONG WRIST	Washington radiation for in-stent restenosis trial for long lesions
Look AHEAD	action for health in diabetes [Xenical; long-term study of effects of weight loss in type 2 diabetics]
L-TAP	lipid treatment assessment project
LV3P-CHF	left ventricular pacing in pacemaker patients with congestive heart failure (CHF); sponsored by St. Jude Medical
MADIT	multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial
MAGIC	magnesium in coronay arteries
MARISA	monotherapy assessment of ranolazine in stable angina;
MARRVEL	magnetic resonance radionuclide ventriculography and echocardiography in left ventricular function
MARVAL	microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan [Diovan®]
MASH	magnesium and acetylsalicylic acid in subarachnoid hemorrhage
MATCH	management of atherothrombosis with clopidogrel [Plavix™] in high-risk patients with recent transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke
MDC	metoprolol in dilated cardiomyopathy
MDPIT	multicenter diltiazem post infarction trial
MEDENOX	prophylaxis in medical patients with enoxaparin [Lovenox®]
MERIT-HF	metoprolol CR/XL (controlled release) randomized intervention trial in heart failure;
MIAMI	Multi-Link® Duet™ coronary stent in acute myocardial infarction
MICRO-HOPE	microalbuminuria, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes (HOPE [heart outcomes prevention evaluation] substudy)
MIRA	minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis
MIRACL	myocardial ischemia reduction with aggressive cholesterol lowering
MIRACLE	multicenter InSync™ randomized clinical evaluation (North America)
MIRACLE ICD	multicenter InSync™ randomized clinical evaluation implantable cardioverter defibrillator
MIRAGE	multi-institutional research in Alzheimer genetic epidemiology
MMAIT	malignant melanoma active immunotherapy trials; [Canvaxin™]
MMSS	MyoVive™ marketing surveillance study;
MOBILE	more patency with beta for in-stent restenosis in the lower extremity; sponsor: Novoste Corporation [Corona™ system]
MOCHA	multicenter oral carvedilol [Coreg®] heart failure assessment
MONICA	monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease
MORE	multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation
MOST	mode selection trial in sinus node dysfunction
MOXCON	moxonidine congestive heart failure trial;
MRFIT	multiple risk factor intervention trial
MR IMAGES	magnetic resonance in intravenous magnesium efficacy in stroke
MSMI	multicenter study of myocardial ischemia
MUST	medication use studies; multicenter stent study; multicenter stents ticlopidine;
MUST EECP	multicenter study of enhanced external counterpulsation [EECP®]
MUSTIC	multisite stimulation in cardiomyopathy
MUSTT	multicenter unstable tachycardia trial; multicenter unsustained tachycardia trial;
NAFT	North American Fragmin® trial
NASCET	North American symptomatic carotid endarterectomy trial;
NAVIGATOR	nateglinide and valsartan in impaired glucose tolerance outcomes research;
NETT	national emphysema treatment trial
NETWORK	Network of general practitioners and hospital physicians involved in the study of low versus high doses of enalapril in patients with heart failure trial
NICE	Novacor® inflow conduit evaluation; sponsor: World Heart Corporation
NICE 3	national investigators collaborating on enoxaparin [Lovenox®]
NOCIS	new onset Crohn's intervention study
OASIS / OASIS-2	organization to assess strategies for ischemic syndromes
OAT	open artery trial
OBJECT	overactive bladder: judging effective control and treatment [Ditropan XL v. Detrol]
OCBAS	optimal coronary balloon angioplasty versus stent
OCTAVE	omapatrilat [Vanlev™] cardiovascular treatment assessment versus enalapril
OHTS	ocular hypertension treatment study
OMNIUM	omeprazole [Prilosec®] versus misoprostol [Cytotec®] for NSAID-induced ulcer management
ONTARGET	ongoing telmisartan [Micardis®] alone and in combination with ramipril [Altace®] global endpoint trial
OPERA	omapatrilat [Vanlev™] in persons with enhanced risk of atherosclerotic events;
OPTIC	optimal pharmacological therapy in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients; sponsor: St. Jude Medical
OPTIMAAL	optimal trial in myocardial infarction with the angiotensin II antagonist losartan
OPTIME-CHF	outcomes of a prospective trial of intravenous milrinone for exacerbations of chronic heart failure
OPUS	orbofiban in patients with unstable coronary syndromes
ORBIT	oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade to inhibit thrombosis;
OVERTURE	omapatrilat versus enalapril randomized trial of utility in reducing events;
PAC-A-TACH	pacing in atrial fibrillation and tachycardia
PACIFIC	potential angina class improvement for intramyocardial channels
PACT	Philadelphia Association of Clinical Trials study plasminogen activator angioplasty compatibility trial prehospital application of coronary thrombolysis prourokinase in acute coronary thrombosis
PAMI	primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction;
PARADIGM	pramlintide for amylin replacement adjunct for diabetes in glycemic management;
PARAGON	platelet IIb/IIIa antagonism for the reduction of acute coronary syndrome events in the global organization network
PARIS	peripheral artery radiation investigational study [study of the Nucletron® Paris® leg artery radiation catheter]
PASS II	piracetam acute stroke study II search help: piracetam
PATH-CHF	pacing therapies for congestive heart failure
PAVE	post AV node ablation evaluation; sponsored by St. Jude Medical
PCDD	prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes
PCI-CURE	clopidogrel [Plavix®] in unstable angina to prevent recurrent ischemic events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention; companion to CURE study
PCPT	prostate cancer prevention trial; information
PDQUALIF	Parkinson('s) disease quality of life
PEACE	prevention of events with angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor therapy
PEECH™	prospective evaluation of EECP® in congestive heart failure; sponsor, Vasomedical, Inc.
PENTALYSE	synthetic pentasaccharide as an adjunct to fibrinolysis in ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction
PENTUA	pentasaccharide in unstable angina
PEPI	postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions study
PETHEMA	programa para el estudio y tratamiento de las hemopatías malignas [program for the study and treatment of malignant hemopathies]
PHADE	pneumatic HeartMate® assist as destination evaluation;
PHAROS	pilot Huntington at risk observational study
PIE	protease inhibitor experienced [study of Fortovase™ with Kaletra™]
PIVOT	prostate cancer intervention versus observation trial
PLESS	Proscar® long-term efficacy and safety study;
PLUS	propentofylline long-term use study
POEM	patency, outcomes and economics of MIDCAB;
POLAR	pilot study of low-temperature angiogenic revascularization; sponsor: CryoCath Technologies, Inc.
POST	posterior stroke trial potassium-channel opening stroke trial
POWER	PTH for osteoporotic women on estrogen replacement [ALX1-11, a recombinant parathyroid hormone (PTH) formulation]; sponsor: NPS Pharmaceuticals
PRAGUE	primary angioplasty in patients transferred from general community hospitals to specialized PTCA units with or without emergency thrombolysis
PRAISE	prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation
PRECEDENT	prospective randomized ectopy evaluation on dobutamine or Natrecor® (nesiritide) therapy; Scios Inc.
PREDICT-HD	neurobiologic predictors of Huntington disease onset
PREFER	preference study of Gengraf™ compared to Neoral™ in stable solid organ transplant subjects
PREPARE	prevent postmenopausal Alzheimer’s with replacement estrogens (a.k.a. Alzheimer('s) disease prevention trial)
PRESENT	preliminary safety evaluation of nanoporous tacrolimus-eluting stents; sponsor: JOMED N.V.
PRESTO	Parkinson('s) rasagiline: efficacy & safety in the treatment of "OFF" prevention of restenosis with tranilast and its outcomes
PREVENT	prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism program in ex vivo vein graft engineering via transfection proliferation reduction with vascular energy trial; sponsor: Guidant Corp. prospective randomized evaluation of the vascular effects of Norvasc® trial
PRIDE	protection during saphenous vein graft intervention to prevent distal embolization);
PRIME	pramipexole in minority persons with Parkinson('s) disease: efficacy program for irbesartan mortality and morbidity evaluations [consists of two studies: IRMA 2 and IDNT]
PRIMO-CABG	pexelizumab for reduction in infarction and mortality in coronary artery bypass graft surgery
PRINCE	pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation
PRINCESS	prevention of reinfarction with early treatment by cerivastatin study
PRISM-PLUS	platelet receptor inhibition for ischemic syndrome management in patients limited to very unstable signs and symptoms;
PROACT	prolyse in acute cerebral thromboembolism
PROACTION	prospective randomized outcomes study of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure treated initially in outpatients with Natrecor®;
PROBE	Primacor (milrinone lactate) for optimization of beta-blocker efficacy
PROBE evaluation	prospective, randomized, open, blinded endpoint;
PROBIT	promotion of breastfeeding intervention trial
PROGENI	Parkinson('s) research: the organized genetics initiative
PROGRESS	perindopril [Aceon®] protection against recurrent stroke study
PROMPT	profiling Remicade onset with methotrexate in a prospective trial
PROSPER	prospective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk
PROTEKT	prospective resistant organism tracking for the ketolide telithromycin [Ketek™]
PROVE IT	pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy;
PROWESS	recombinant human activated protein C [Xigris™] worldwide evaluation in severe sepsis
PSYCLOPS	psychosis and clozapine in Parkinson's disease
PTAMD	prophylactic treatment of AMD [age-related macular degeneration]
PURSUIT	platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in unstable angina: receptor suppression using Integrilin™ therapy
QoLITY	quality of life trial hypertension;
QUIET	quinapril [Accupril™] ischemic event trial
RACECAR	restenosis and clinical evaluation in coronary arteries; sponsor: Medtronic
RALES	randomized Aldactone® (spironolactone) evaluation study for congestive heart failure;
RAPID	radiation after PTA is done; sponsor: Radiance Medical Systems [RDX™ coronary radiation delivery catheter] rapid-acting Parkinson('s) drug
RAPPORT	ReoPro® and primary PTCA organization and ramdomized trial
RAVEL	randomized study with the sirolimus-eluting Bx Velocity™ balloon-expandable stent [Cypher™]; sponsor: Cordis
REACH	rehabilitation among women with coronary heart disease research on endothelin antagonism in chronic heart failure;
REACT	rapid early action for coronary treatment; University of Minnesota and JAMA 2000;283:3223-3229 [July 5, 2000]
ReALIZe	research to assess the long-term impact of Zomaril™
RECIFE	reduction of cholesterol in ischemia and function of the endothelium
REDHOT	rapid emergency department heart failure outpatient trial [Trial to evaluate clinical utility of the Triage® BNP test in assessing effectiveness of therapy in the management of CHF.]
REGRESS	regression growth evaluation statin study
REIN	ramipril efficacy in nephropathy
REMATCH	randomized evaluation of mechanical assistance therapy as an alternative in congestive heart failure;
RENAAL	reduction in endpoints in patients with non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with the angiotensin II antagonist losartan
RENAISSANCE	randomized Enbrel® North American strategy to study antagonism of cytokines
RESPECT	risk evaluation and stroke prevention in the elderly - cerivastatin trial;
RESTOR	R stent™ efficacy and safety trial Orbus; sponsor: Orbus Medical Technologies
RESTORE	randomized efficacy study of tirofiban for outcomes and restenosis;
REVERSAL	reversal of atherosclerosis with Lipitor™
REVERT	reversal of ventricular remodeling with Toprol-XL®;
RHYTHM	resynchronization for hemodynamic treatment for heart failure management; sponsor: St. Jude Medical [Epic™ HF ]
RID-HD	riluzole dosing in Huntington disease
RITZ-2	randomized intravenous tezosentan
ROSTER	rotational atherectomy versus balloon angioplasty for diffuse in-stent restenosis
RUTH	raloxifene use for the heart;
SADHAT	sertraline (Zoloft®) antidepressant heart attack trial
SADHART	sertraline antidepressant heart attack randomized trial
SAFE	safety after fifty evaluation
SAFER	saphenous vein graft angioplasty free of emboli randomized trial; entry
SAFE-T	sotalol and amiodarone atrial fibrillation effectiveness trial
SAGE	study assessing goals in the elderly
SAPPHIRE	systolic and pulse pressure hemodynamic improvement by restoring elasticity; sponsor: Alteon Inc. [ALT-711]
SARECCO	stent or angioplasty after recanalization of chronic coronary occlusions
S.A.V.S.	Synercid® as an alternative to vancomycin in staph[ylococcal infections] SAVS
SCD-HeFT or SCDHeFT	sudden cardiac death/heart failure trial
SCRIP	study of cardiovascular risk intervention by pharmacists
SCRIPPS	Scripps coronary radiation to inhibit proliferation post stenting
SEAL	simple and effective arterial closure study;
SEARCH	study of effectiveness of additional reductions of cholesterol and homocysteine
SECURE	study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril [Altace®] and vitamin E
SELECT	selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial; description
SELENA	safety of estrogens in lupus erythematosus national assessment
SHARP	subcutaneous heparin and angioplasty restenosis prevention
SHELTER	stenting of high risk patients extracranial lesions trial with emboli removal;
SHEP	systolic hypertension in the elderly program
SHIPS	study of a home intervention post stroke
SHOCK	should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock
SHOW	study of health outcomes in weight loss
SICCO	stenting in chronic coronary occlusion
SIESTA	snooze-induced excitation of sympathetic triggered activity
SILCAAT	study of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in people with low CD4+ T-cell counts on active anti-HIV therapy; Chiron Corporation
SILENT	sonotherapy for in-lesion elimination of neointimal tissue; sponsor: PharmaSonics Inc.; also see
SILVER	systolic hypertension interaction with left ventricular remodeling; sponsor: Alteon Inc. [ALT-711]
SIRIUS	a multicenter randomized double-blind study of the sirolimus-coated Bx Velocity™ stent [referred to as Cypher™ sirolimus-eluting stent] in the treatment of patients with de novo coronary artery lesions; sponsor: Cordis search help: s/l "serious"
SIROCCO	sirolimus-coated Cordis S.M.A.R.T™ nitinol self-expanding stent in the treatment of obstructive superficial femoral artery disease
SMART	second manifestations of arterial disease serum markers acute myocardial infarction and rapid treatment strategies for the management of antiretroviral therapy study of medicine versus angioplasty reperfusion trial study of Microstent's ability to limit restenosis trial study of monoclonal antibody radioimmunotherapy; Synercid® microbiological assessment of resistance trends;
SMILE	survival of myocardial infarction long-term evaluation
SNAP	study of nitroglycerin and chest pain
SPAF	stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
SPEED	strategies for patency enhancement in the emergency department
SPORT	spine patient ooutcomes research trial stent implantation post rotational atherectomy trial
SPORTIF-V	stroke prevention using oral thrombin inhibition in atrial fibrillation - V [5th series of SPORTIF trials];
SOLVD	studies of left ventricular dysfunction
SONIA	stroke outcomes and neuroimaging of intracranial atherosclerosis
SONORA	safety of Neoral outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis
S.O.N.O.R.A.SM	study of new onset rheumatoid arthritis; sponsor: Knoll Pharmaceutical Company
SoS	stent or surgery
SPARCL	stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels
SPICE	study of protease inhibitor combination in Europe;
SPLASH	sonotherapy prevention of late arterial in-stent hyperplasia; sponsor: PharmaSonics, Inc.; also see
SPS3	stroke prevention of small subcortical strokes
SSITT	Swiss-Spanish intermittent trial
SSYLVIA	stenting in symptomatic atherosclerotic lesions of vertebral and intracranial arteries
STAR	study of tamoxifen and raloxifene;
STARS	standard treatment with activase to reverse stroke
START	saruplase and taprostene acute reocclusion trial St. Thomas' atherosclerosis regression trial study of thrombolytic therapy with additional response following taprostene stent versus angioplasty restenosis trial stent versus directional coronary atherectomy randomized trial stents and radiation therapy; selection of thymidine analog regimen therapy;
STAT	stroke treatment with ancrod trial
Stent PAMI	stent primary angioplasty for myocardial infarction
STEP-BD	systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder; study description
STICH	surgical treatment for intracerebral hemorrhage
STOP	sonotherapy for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease; sponsor: PharmaSonics, Inc.
STOP-DUB	surgical treatments outcomes project for dysfunctional uterine bleeding
STOP-Hypertension	Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension;
STRATAS	study to determine Rotablator® and transluminal angioplasty strategy
STRENGTH STRENGTH II	statin response examined by genetic HAP™ markers; sponsor: Genaissance Pharmaceuticals
STRESS	stent restenosis study
STRETCH	symptom, tolerability, response to exercise trial of candesartan cilexetil [Atacand™] in heart failure
STRIDE	sitaxsentan to relieve impaired exercise in pulmonary hypertension
SUDEP	sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
SWEDIC	Sweden diastolic carvedilol
SWIFT	should we intervene following thrombolysis
SWING	sound waves inhibit neointimal growth; sponsor: PharmaSonics Inc.; also see
SWISS	siblings with ischemic stroke study
SWOG	Southwest Oncology Group [an adult cancer clinical trials organization]; SWOG protocols by indication
SYMPHONY	sibrafiban versus aspirin to yield maximum protection from ischemic heart events post-acute coronary syndromes;
SYNERGY	superior yield of the new strategy of enoxaparin, revascularization, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
TACT	trial to assess chelation therapy [EDTA chelation therapy for coronary artery disease]; sponsor: National Institutes of Health (NIH)
TACTICS	thrombolysis and counterpulsation to improve cardiogenic shock survival treat angina with Aggrastat® and determine costs of therapy with invasive or conservative strategies [TIMI-18]
TAIST	tinzaparin in acute ischemic stroke trial
TARGET	do tirofiban [Aggrastat®] and ReoPro give similar efficacy outcomes trial
TCAS	temperature control during aneurysm surgery
TexCAPS	Texas coronary atherosclerosis prevention study
TeqCES	Tequin® clinical experience study
TheraP	TheraSource™ Pd-103 for prevention of restenosis; sponsor: Theragenics Corporation [TheraSource™ intravascular brachytherapy system]
TIGER-PA	tirofiban given in the emergency room before primary angioplasty
TIME	trial of invasive vs. medical therapy in elderly patients with chronic CAD
TIMI	thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; thrombin inhibition in myocardial infarction
TNT	treating to new targets
TOAT	the open artery trial
TONE	trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly
TOP	treatment of osteoporosis with PTH [ALX1-11, a recombinant parathyroid hormone (PTH) formulation]; sponsor: NPS Pharmaceuticals
TOPIC	tobramycin once-daily prescribing in cystic fibrosis
TRACE	trandolapril cardiac evaluation study trial of genetic assessment in breast cancer
TRAFFIC	therapeutic angiogenesis with FGF-2 (fibroblast growth factor) for intermittent claudication; sponsor: Chiron Corporation
TRANSCEND	telmisartan [Micardis®] randomized assessment study in ace intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease
TREAT	tranilast restenosis following angioplasty trial
TREND	trial on reversing endothelial dysfunction
TROPHY	trial for preventing hypertension;
TRUST	Tenax® for the prevention of restenosis and acute thrombotic complications. A useful stent trial [Tenax-XR, a silicon carbide-coated stent]; sponsor: Biotronik, Inc.
TTT4CNV	transpupillary thermotherapy for choroidal neovascularization
TURBO	the ultrasound removal of blood clots in vein grafts; Angiosonics
TUSS	tuberculosis ultraviolet shelter study
UK-HEART	United Kingdom heart failure evaluation and assessment of risk trial
UKPDS	United Kingdom perspective diabetes study
UNAIDS PETRA	United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS perinatal transmission trial
VA-HIT	Veterans Administration HDL intervention trial
Val-HeFT	valsartan heart failure trial;
VALIANT	valsartan in acute myocardial infarction trial; Vascular Architects femoropopliteal suboptimal angioplasty aSpire™ stent trial; sponsor: Vascular Architects
VALUE	valsartan antihypertensive long-term use evaluation;
VANILA	ventricular arrhythmia needing intravenous lidocaine/amiodarone
VANQWISH	Veterans Affairs non–Q-wave infarction strategies in hospital
VERT	vertebral efficacy with risedronate therapy; risedronate (Actonel®)
VICTORY	elective and acute stenting of coronary arteries on Express™ [coronary stent system]; sponsor: Boston Scientific
VIGOR	Vioxx® gastrointestinal outcomes research
VINTAGE MI	vascular interaction with age in myocardial infarction
VISION	vascular intervention study with ionizing radiation; sponsor: Guidant Corp. [Galileo™ intravascular radiotherapy system]
VISP	vitamin intervention for stroke prevention
VITATOPS	vitamins to prevent stroke
VIVA	VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in ischemia for vascular angiogenesis
VMAC	vasodilation in the management of acute congestive heart failure;
WARCEF	warfarin-aspirin reduced cardiac ejection fraction
WARIS-II	warfarin-aspirin reinfarction study
WARSS	warfarin aspirin recurrent stroke study
WASID	warfarin-asprin symptomatic intracranial disease study
WATCH	warfarin & antiplatelet therapy in chronic CHF women atorvastatin trial on cholesterol
WAVE	women's angiographic vitamins and estrogen trial
WEARIT	wearable cardioverter-defibrillator investigational trial
WIHS	women's interagency HIV study
WINS	women’s intervention nutrition study
WISE	women's ischemia syndrome evaluation;
WIZARD	weekly intervention with Zithromax® against atherosclerosis and related disorders
Women's HOPE	Women's health, osteoporosis, progestin, and estrogen study
WRIST	Washington radiation for in-stent restenosis trial
XISHF	xamoterol in severe heart failure
X-TRACT	X-Sizer™ for treatment of thrombus and atherosclerosis in coronary interventions trial X-Sizer
ZEUS	Zomaril™ efficacy/utility and safety;
ZIPP	Zoladex® (goserelin acetate implant) in premenopausal patients

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