Cystic fibrosis (patient information)

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What is Cystic fibrosis?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease of the mucus and sweat glands. It affects mostly your lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses and sex organs. CF causes your mucus to be thick and sticky. The mucus clogs the lungs, causing breathing problems and making it easy for bacteria to grow. This can lead to problems such as repeated lung infections and lung damage.

What are the symptoms of Cystic fibrosis?

Because there are more than 1,000 mutations of the CF gene, symptoms differ from person to person.

Symptoms in newborns may include:

• Delayed growth
• Failure to gain weight normally during childhood
• No bowel movements in first 24 to 48 hours of life
• Salty-tasting skin

Symptoms related to bowel function may include:

• Belly pain from severe constipation
• Increased gas, bloating, or a belly that appears swollen (distended)
• Nausea and loss of appetite
• Stools that are pale or clay colored, foul smelling, have mucus, or that float
• Weight loss

Symptoms related to the lungs and sinuses may include:

• Coughing or increased mucus in the sinuses or lungs
• Fatigue
• Nasal congestion caused by nasal polyps
• Recurrent episodes of pneumonia. Symptoms in someone with cystic fibrosis include:
  • Fever
  • Increased coughing
  • Increased shortness of breath
  • Loss of appetite
  • More sputum
  • Sinus pain or pressure caused by infection or polyps

What are the causes of Cystic fibrosis?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a defective gene which causes the body to produce abnormally thick and sticky fluid, called mucus. This mucus builds up in the breathing passages of the lungs and in the pancreas, the organ that helps to break down and absorb food.

This collection of sticky mucus results in life-threatening lung infections and serious digestion problems. The disease may also affect the sweat glands and a man's reproductive system.

Millions of Americans carry the defective CF gene, but do not have any symptoms. That's because a person with CF must inherit two defective CF genes -- one from each parent. An estimated 1 in 29 Caucasian Americans have the CF gene. The disease is the most common, deadly, inherited disorder affecting Caucasians in the United States. It's more common among those of Northern or Central European descent.

Most children with CF are diagnosed by age 2. A small number, however, are not diagnosed until age 18 or older. These patients usually have a milder form of the disease.

When to seek urgent medical care

Call your health care provider if an infant or child has symptoms of cystic fibrosis.

Call your health care provider if a person with cystic fibrosis develops new symptoms or if symptoms get worse, particularly severe breathing difficulty or coughing up blood.

Call your health care provider if you or your child experiences:

• Fever, increased coughing, changes in sputum or blood in sputum, loss of appetite, or other signs of pneumonia
• Increased weight loss
• More frequent bowel movements or stools that are foul-smelling or have more mucus
• Swollen belly or increased bloating

Where to find medical care for Cystic fibrosis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Cystic fibrosis

Prevention of Cystic fibrosis

There is no way to prevent cystic fibrosis. Screening those with a family history of the disease may detect the cystic fibrosis gene in 60 - 90% of carriers, depending on the test used.

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)

Most children with cystic fibrosis are fairly healthy until they reach adolescence or adulthood. They are able to participate in most activities and should be able to attend school. Many young adults with cystic fibrosis finish college or find employment.

Lung disease eventually worsens to the point where the person is disabled. Today, the average life span for people with CF who live to adulthood is approximately 35 years, a dramatic increase over the last three decades.

Death is usually caused by lung complications.

Possible Complications

The most common complication is chronic respiratory infection.

• Bowel problems, such as gallstones, intestinal obstruction, and rectal prolapse
• Coughing up blood
• Chronic respiratory failure
• Diabetes
• Infertility
• Liver disease or liver failure, pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis
• Malnutrition
• Nasal polyps and sinusitis
• Osteoporosis and arthritis
• Pneumonia, recurrent
• Pneumothorax
• Right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)