Glaucoma (patient information)

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What is glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a disease in which the optic nerve is damaged, leading to progressive, irreversible loss of vision. It is often, but not always, associated with increased pressure of the fluid in the eye.

Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the United States. There are many types of glaucoma, including:

• Open-angle (chronic) glaucoma
• Angle-closure (acute) glaucoma
• Low-tension or normal-tension glaucoma
• Congenital glaucoma
• Secondary glaucoma (including Pigmentary glaucoma and Neovascular glaucoma)

What are the symptoms of glaucoma?

Symptoms of glaucoma vary greatly, depending on the type of disease present.

Open-angle glaucoma

• Most people have NO symptoms until they begin to lose vision
• Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision (also called tunnel vision)

Angle-closure glaucoma

• Symptoms may come and go at first, or steadily become worse
• Sudden, severe pain in one eye
• Decreased or cloudy vision
• Nausea and vomiting
• Rainbow-like halos around lights
• Red eye
• Eye feels swollen

Low-tension or normal-tension glaucoma

• Narrowed side vision in people with normal eye pressure

Congenital glaucoma

• Symptoms are usually noticed when the child is a few months old
• Cloudiness of the front of the eye
• Enlargement of one eye or both eyes
• Red eye
• Sensitivity to light
• Excessive Tearing

What are the causes of glaucoma?

The four major types of glaucoma have their own unique causes. However, before reviewing them, a brief overview of the anatomy of the eye may be helpful in understanding the causes of this disease:

The front part of the eye is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor. This fluid is always being made in the back of the eye. It leaves the eye through channels in the front of the eye in an area called the anterior chamber angle, or simply the angle. Anything that slows or blocks the flow of this fluid out of the eye will cause pressure to build up in the eye. This pressure is called intraocular pressure (IOP). In most cases of glaucoma, this pressure is high and causes damage to the major nerve in the eye, called the optic nerve.

More specific causes by each major type of glaucoma are:

Open-angle (chronic) glaucoma

• The cause is unknown. An increase in eye pressure occurs slowly over time. The pressure pushes on the optic nerve and the retina at the back of the eye.
• Open-angle glaucoma tends to run in families. Your risk is higher if you have a parent or grandparent with open-angle glaucoma. People of African descent are at particularly high risk for this disease.

Angle-closure (acute) glaucoma

• It occurs when the exit of the aqueous humor fluid is suddenly blocked.
• Dilating eye drops and certain medications may trigger an acute glaucoma attack.

Congenital glaucoma

• It is present at birth and results from the abnormal development of the fluid outflow channels in the eye.
• It is often hereditary and tends to run in families.

Secondary glaucoma

• It is caused as complications of other medical conditions and/or procedures, including eye surgery, advanced cataracts, eye injuries, certain eye tumors, and uveitis.
• It can be caused by drugs such as corticosteroids, which are used to treat eye inflammations.
  • Pigmentary glaucoma is caused when pigment from the iris breaks off, thereby slowing the fluid drainage and blocking the meshwork.
  • Neovascular glaucoma is a severe form of secondary glaucoma that is linked to diabetes.

Who is at risk for glaucoma?

Ocular hypertension is the most important risk factor for glaucoma.

Low-tension or normal-tension glaucoma

• Low blood pressure contributes to low-tension glaucoma.

How to know you have glaucoma?

A comprehensive eye exam is necessary to determine whether a patient has glaucoma. Checking the intraocular pressure alone (tonometry) is not enough to diagnose glaucoma because eye pressure changes. Furthermore, pressure in the eye is normal in about 25% of people with glaucoma. This is called normal-tension glaucoma. There are other problems that cause optic nerve damage.

Tests to diagnose glaucoma include:

• Gonioscopy (use of a special lens to see the outflow channels of the angle)
• Tonometry test to measure eye pressure
• Optic nerve imaging (photographs of the inside of the eye)
• Pupillary reflex response
• Retinal examination
• Slit lamp examination / Dilated eye exam
• Visual acuity
• Visual field measurement
• Pachymetry

Treatment options

Congenital glaucoma Conventional surgery typically is the suggested treatment, as medicines may have unknown effects in infants and be difficult to administer.

Where to find medical care for glaucoma

Directions to Hospitals Treating glaucoma

What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)

Untreated glaucoma leads to permanent damage of the optic nerve and resultant visual field loss, which can progress to blindness.

Congenital glaucoma Surgery in children with congenital glaucoma is safe and effective. If surgery is done promptly, these children typically have an excellent chance of having good vision.

Sources

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001620.htm

http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/glaucoma/glaucoma_facts.asp