Hematemesis (patient information)

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Jinhui Wu, MD

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Who is at risk for hematemesis?

• Esophagus

• Esophagitis
• Ulcer
• Mallory-Weiss tear
• Esophageal varices caused by cirrhosis

• Stomach

• Peptic ulcer
• Prepyloric ulcer
• Pyloric channel ulcer
• Gastric erosions
• Gastritis
• Varices caused by cirrhosis
• Portal-hypertensive gastropathy
• Gastric cancer
• Polyp
• Dieulafoy lesion

• Duodenum

• Peptic ulcer
• Duodenitis
• Aortoenteric fistula
• Pancreatic pseudocyst
• Post-sphincterotomy

How to know the cause of your hematemesis?

• Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC), blood chemistries, blood clotting tests, and liver function tests, are used to assess the condition of the patient.
• Chest radiographs: These images should be ordered to exclude aspiration pneumonia, effusion, and esophageal perforation.
• CT scan and ultrasonography may be indicated to evaluate liver disease with cirrhosis, cholecystitis with hemorrhage, pancreatitis with pseudocyst and hemorrhage, aortoenteric fistula, and other unusual causes of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
• Endoscopy and biopsy: This test can be used to indicate the diseases in esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Also, the doctor can stanch bleeding through the tube. If abnormal areas are noted, tissue samples can be obtained through the endoscope. The tissue samples will be checked by pathologists to identify the cause of bleeding.
• Angiography may be useful if bleeding persists and endoscopy fails to identify a bleeding site. As salvage therapy, embolization of the bleeding vessel can be as successful as emergent surgery in patients who have failed a second attempt of endoscopic therapy.
• Nuclear medicine scans may be useful to determine the area of active hemorrhage.

When to seek urgent medical care?

Call your doctor or go to the emergency room if hematemesis occurs. This condition needs immediate medical evaluation.

Diseases with similar symptoms

• Hemoptysis

Where to find medical care for hematemesis?

Directions to Hospitals Treating hematemesis

Copyleft Sources

http://www.endonurse.com/articles/07augconted.html

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/187857-overview

http://www.doctorslounge.com/gastroenterology/diagnosis/gitbleed/

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003118.htm