Chiropractic: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
Line 135: Line 135:




== Vaccination ==


Although [[vaccination]] is one of the most cost-effective forms of prevention against infectious disease, it remains [[Vaccine controversy|controversial]] within the chiropractic community.<ref name=Busse/> Most chiropractic writings on vaccination focus on its negative aspects,<ref name=Busse/> claiming that it is hazardous or ineffective.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Vaccine |date=2001 |volume=20 |issue= Suppl 1 |pages=S89–93 |title= Rise in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine: reasons and consequences for vaccination |author= Ernst E |doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00290-0 |pmid=11587822}}</ref> Evidence-based chiropractors have embraced vaccination, but a minority of the profession rejects it, as original chiropractic philosophy traces diseases to causes in the spine and states that diseases cannot be affected by vaccines.<ref name=Campbell>{{cite journal |journal=Pediatrics |date=2000 |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=e43 |title= Chiropractors and vaccination: a historical perspective |author= Campbell JB, Busse JW, Injeyan HS |pmid=10742364 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/105/4/e43}}</ref> The [[American Chiropractic Association]] and the International Chiropractic Association support individual exemptions to compulsory vaccination laws, and a 1995 survey of U.S. chiropractors found that about a third believed there was no scientific proof that immunization prevents disease.<ref name=Campbell/> The Canadian Chiropractic Association supports vaccination; surveys in Canada in 2000 and 2002 found that 40% of chiropractors supported vaccination, and that over a quarter opposed it and advised patients against vaccinating themselves or their children.<ref name=Busse>{{cite journal |journal= J Manipulative Physiol Ther |date=2005 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=367–73 |title= Chiropractic antivaccination arguments |author= Busse JW, Morgan L, Campbell JB |doi=10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.04.011 |pmid=15965414 |url=http://jmptonline.org/article/S0161-4754(05)00111-9/fulltext?articleId=S0899-3467%2807%2960081-0}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 04:04, 6 December 2010

Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Stephen J. Press [1]

Please Join in Editing This Page and Apply to be an Editor-In-Chief for this topic:

There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [2] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.


Template:Alternative medical systems Chiropractic (from Greek chiro- χειρο- "hand-" + praktikós πρακτικός "concerned with action") is a complementary and alternative medicine health care profession that focuses on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system and the effects of these disorders on the functions of the nervous system and general health. It emphasizes manual therapy including spinal adjustment and other joint and soft-tissue manipulation.[1] Today, according to the mainstream of the profession, it is based on the premise that spinal joint dysfunction can interfere with the nervous system and result in many different conditions of diminished health. The concept of what was called vertebral subluxation is now adhered to by a small minority and generally relegated to history. The term was defined quite differently by the chiropractic vs the medical professions, and thus incited much misunderstanding. Thus, this alternative form of therapy examines the relationship between structure and function and its impact on neurological mechanisms in both health and disease.
Doctors of Chiropractic usually obtain one of the following equivalent first professional degrees in chiropractic medicine: D.C., D.C.M., B.Chiro or M.Chiro.[2][3][4]

In treating patients, chiropractors may develop a comprehensive treatment plan based on the patient's individual needs. Such a plan may include spinal adjustments, soft tissue therapy, prescription of exercises, and health and lifestyle counseling.[5]

Chiropractic was founded in 1895 by D. D. Palmer in the USA, and is practiced in more than 100 countries.[6] Since its inception, chiropractic has been controversial, both within the profession and in the medical and scientific community, particularly regarding the metaphysical approach espoused by its founders and advocated by "straight" chiropractors today.[7][8] This same criticism may have been the catalyst that allowed some within the profession to emphasize primarily a neuromusculoskeletal approach in their educational curriculum, leading them away from the original metaphysical explanations of their predecessors towards more scientific ones.[9][10]

The utilization of chiropractic has increased in popularity.[11] The profession has remained unified with a continuous commitment to clinical care. Chiropractic's greatest contribution to health care may be its patient-physician relationship and hands-on treatment. Patients are usually satisfied with the treatment they received.[12]

The principles of evidence-based medicine has grown in prominence and have been used to review research studies and generate practice guidelines.[13] The efficacy of chiropractic treatment has not been rigorously proven.[14] Chiropractic care is generally safe when employed skillfully and appropriately.[15] The cost-effectiveness of maintenance chiropractic care is unknown.[16] Vaccination remains controversial within the chiropractic community.[17]

Scope of practice

Chiropractors are primary-contact health care practitioners who emphasize the conservative management of the neuromusculoskeletal system without the use of medicines or surgery.[15] Although chiropractors have many attributes of primary care providers, chiropractic has more of the attributes of a medical specialty like dentistry.[18] The practice of chiropractic medicine involves a range of diagnostic methods including skeletal imaging, observational and tactile assessments, orthopedic and neurological evaluation, laboratory tests,[15] and specialized tests.[1] A chiropractor may also refer a patient to an appropriate specialist, or co-manage with another health care provider.[18] Common patient management involves:

  • spinal manipulation and other manual therapies to the joints and soft tissues
  • rehabilitative exercises
  • health promotion
  • electrical modalities
  • conservative and complementary procedures
  • lifestyle counseling.[19]

Chiropractors generally cannot write medical prescriptions; a 2003 survey of North American chiropractors found that a slight majority favored allowing them to write prescriptions for over-the-counter drugs.[20] A notable exception is the state of Oregon which is considered to have an "expansive" scope of practice of chiropractic, which allows chiropractors to prescribe over-the-counter substances and perform minor surgery.[21] In some locations chiropractors (DCs) and veterinarians (DVMs) with additional training and certification can practice veterinary chiropractic which includes the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of injured animals.[22][23] However, the official position of the American Chiropractic Association is that applying manipulative techniques to animals does not constitute chiropractic and that veterinary chiropractic is a misnomer.[24]

Chiropractic medicine is established in the U.S., Canada, and Australia, and is present to a lesser extent in many other countries.[25] Similar to other primary contact health providers, chiropractors can specialize in different areas of chiropractic medicine. The most common post-graduate diplomate programs include neurology, sports sciences, clinical sciences, rehabilitation sciences, orthopedics and radiology which generally require 2–3 additional years of additional post graduate study and passing competency examinations.[26] Chiropractors may further specialize in fields such as Chiropractic Orthopedics (DABCO), Chiropractic Radiology (DABCR), and Chiropractic Sports Physician (DABCSP) by completing additional study and passing the specified boards that are separate and distinctly different than medical boards.[27]


Treatment procedures

Main article: Chiropractic treatment techniques
Procedures received by more than 1/3 of patients of licensed U.S. chiropractors (2003 survey)[28]
procedure % of DCs
using
it 		% of patients
receiving
it
Diversified (full-spine manipulation) 96.2 71.5
Physical fitness/exercise promotion 98.3 64.9
Corrective or therapeutic exercise 98.3 63.2
Ergonomic/postural advice 97.3 61.9
Self-care strategies 96.6 60.6
Activities of daily living 96.6 57.9
Changing risky/unhealthy behaviors 96.6 54.9
Nutritional/dietary recommendations 97.7 51.8
Relaxation/stress reduction recommendations 96.4 50.1
Ice pack/cryotherapy 94.5 48.5
Extremity adjusting 95.4 46.8
Trigger point therapy 91.0 45.3
Disease prevention/early screening advice 90.8 39.7

Spinal manipulation, the most common modality in chiropractic care,[28] is a passive manual maneuver during which a three-joint complex is taken past the normal physiological range of movement without exceeding the anatomical boundary limit.[29] The medicinal use of spinal manipulation can be traced back over 3000 years to ancient Chinese writings. Hippocrates, the "father of medicine" used manipulative techniques,[30] as did the ancient Egyptians and many other cultures. A modern re-emphasis on manipulative therapy occurred in the late 19th century in North America with the emergence of the osteopathic medicine and chiropractic medicine.[31] Spinal manipulation gained mainstream recognition during the 1980s (see History). In the U.S., chiropractors perform over 90% of all manipulative treatments[32] and consider themselves to be expertly qualified providers of spinal adjustment, manipulation and other manual treatments.[33]

Manipulation under anesthesia or MUA is a specialized manipulative procedure that typically occurs in hospitals administered under general anesthesia.[34] Typically, it is performed on patients who have failed to respond to other forms of treatment.[35]


Scientific research

The principles of evidence-based medicine have been used to review research studies and generate practice guidelines outlining professional standards that specify which chiropractic treatments are legitimate and perhaps reimbursable under managed care.[13] Evidence-based guidelines are supported by one end of an ideological continuum among chiropractors; the other end employs pseudoscientific and antiscientific reasoning and makes unsubstantiated claims.[36] A 2007 survey of Alberta chiropractors found that they do not consistently apply research in practice which may have resulted from a lack of research education and skills.[37] Evidence-based chiropractors possess the ability to apply research in practice. Continued education enhances the scientific knowledge of the practitioner.[38]

Effectiveness

The effectiveness of chiropractic treatment depends on the medical condition and the type of chiropractic treatment. Opinions differ as to the efficacy of chiropractic treatment; many other medical procedures also lack rigorous proof of effectiveness.[14] Chiropractic care, like all medical treatment, benefits from the placebo response.[39] The efficacy of maintenance care in chiropractic is unknown.[16]

Research has focused on spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) in general,[40] rather than specifically on chiropractic SMT.[13] There is little consensus as to who should administer the SMT, raising concerns by chiropractors that orthodox medical physicians could "steal" SMT procedures from chiropractors; the focus on SMT has also raised concerns that the resulting practice guidelines could limit the scope of chiropractic practice to treating backs and necks.[13] Many controlled clinical studies of SMT are available, but their results disagree,[41] and they are typically of low quality.[42] It is hard to construct a trustworthy placebo for clinical trials of SMT, as experts often disagree whether a proposed placebo actually has no effect.[43] Although a 2008 critical review found that with the possible exception of back pain, chiropractic SMT has not been shown to be effective for any medical condition, and suggested that many guidelines recommend chiropractic care for low back pain because no therapy has been shown to make a real difference,[44] a 2008 supportive review found serious flaws in the critical approach, and found that SMT and mobilization are at least as effective for chronic low back pain as other efficacious and commonly used treatments.[45]

Available evidence covers the following conditions:

  • Low back pain. There is continuing conflict of opinion on the efficacy of SMT for nonspecific (i.e., unknown cause) low back pain; methods for formulating treatment guidelines differ significantly between countries, casting some doubt on the guidelines' reliability.[46] A 2007 U.S. guideline weakly recommended SMT as one alternative therapy for spinal low back pain in nonpregnant adults when ordinary treatments fail,[47] whereas the Swedish guideline for low back pain was updated in 2002 to no longer suggest considering SMT for acute low back pain for patients needing additional help, possibly because the guideline's recommendations were based on a high evidence level.[46] A 2008 review found strong evidence that SMT is similar in effect to medical care with exercise, and moderate evidence that SMT is similar to physical therapy and other forms of conventional care.[45] A 2007 literature synthesis found good evidence supporting SMT for low back pain and exercise for chronic low back pain; it also found fair evidence supporting customizable exercise programs for subacute low back pain, and supporting assurance and advice to stay active for subacute and chronic low back pain.[48] Of four systematic reviews published between 2000 and May 2005, only one recommended SMT, and a 2004 Cochrane review ([49]) stated that SMT or mobilization is no more or less effective than other standard interventions for back pain.[41]
  • Whiplash and other neck pain. There is no overall consensus on manual therapies for neck pain.[50] A 2008 review found evidence that educational videos, mobilization, and exercises appear more beneficial for whiplash than alternatives; that SMT, mobilization, supervised exercise, low-level laser therapy and perhaps acupuncture are more effective for non-whiplash neck pain than alternatives but none of these treatments is clearly superior; and that there is no evidence that any intervention improves prognosis.[51] A 2007 review found that SMT and mobilization are effective for neck pain.[50] Of three systematic reviews of SMT published between 2000 and May 2005, one reached a positive conclusion, and a 2004 Cochrane review ([52]) found that SMT and mobilization are beneficial only when combined with exercise, the benefits being pain relief, functional improvement, and global perceived effect for subacute/chronic mechanical neck disorder.[41] A 2005 review found limited evidence supporting SMT for whiplash.[53]
  • Headache. A 2006 review found no rigorous evidence supporting SMT or other manual therapies for tension headache.[54] A 2005 review found that the evidence was weak for effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for tension headache, and that it was probably more effective for tension headache than for migraine.[55] A 2004 review found that SMT may be effective for migraine and tension headache, and SMT and neck exercises may be effective for cervicogenic headache.[56] Two other systematic reviews published between 2000 and May 2005 did not find conclusive evidence in favor of SMT.[41]
  • Other. There is a small amount of research into the efficacy of chiropractic treatment for upper limbs,[57] and a lack of higher-quality publications supporting chiropractic management of leg conditions.[58] A 2007 literature synthesis found fair evidence supporting assurance and advice to stay active for sciatica and radicular pain in the leg.[48] There is very weak evidence for chiropractic care for adult scoliosis (curved or rotated spine)[59] and no scientific data for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis.[60] A 2007 systematic review found that few studies of chiropractic care for nonmusculoskeletal conditions are available, and they are typically not of high quality; it also found that the entire clinical encounter of chiropractic care (as opposed to just SMT) provides benefit to patients with asthma, cervicogenic dizziness, and baby colic, and that the evidence from reviews is negative, or too weak to draw conclusions, for a wide variety of other nonmusculoskeletal conditions, including ADHD/learning disabilities, dizzinesss, and vision conditions.[61] Other reviews have found no evidence of benefit for baby colic,[62] bedwetting,[63] fibromyalgia,[64] or menstrual cramps.[65]

Safety

Chiropractic care in general is safe when employed skillfully and appropriately. Its primary therapeutic procedure, spinal manipulation, involves directed thrust to move a joint past its physiological range of motion without exceeding the anatomical limit. Manipulation is regarded as relatively safe, but as with all therapeutic interventions, complications can arise, and it has known adverse effects, risks and contraindications.[15] Absolute contraindications to spinal manipulation are conditions that should not be manipulated; these contraindications include rheumatoid arthritis and conditions known to result in unstable joints. Relative contraindications are conditions where increased risk is acceptable in some situations and where low-force and soft-tissue techniques are treatments of choice; these contraindications include osteoporosis.[15] Although most contraindications apply only to manipulation of the affected region, some neurological signs indicate referral to emergency medical services; these include sudden and severe headache or neck pain unlike that previously experienced.[66]

Spinal manipulation is associated with frequent, mild and temporary adverse effects,[66][67] including new or worsening pain or stiffness in the affected region.[68] They have been estimated to occur in 34% to 55% of patients, with 80% of them disappearing within 24 hours.[66] Rarely, spinal manipulation, particularly on the upper spine, can also result in complications that can lead to permanent disability or death; these can occur in adults[67] and children.[69] The incidence of these complications is unknown, due to rarity, high levels of underreporting, and difficulty of linking manipulation to adverse effects such as stroke, a particular concern.[67] Several case reports show temporal associations between interventions and potentially serious complications.[51] Vertebrobasilar artery stroke is statistically associated with chiropractic services in persons under 45 years of age, but it is similarly associated with general practitioner services, suggesting that these associations are likely explained by preexisting conditions.[51] Weak to moderately strong evidence supports causation (as opposed to statistical association) between cervical manipulative therapy (whether chiropractic or not) and vertebrobasilar artery stroke.[70]



References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Council on Chiropractic Education (2007). "Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic programs and requirements for institutional status" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  2. ↑ National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2007). "An introduction to chiropractic". Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  3. ↑ American Chiropractic Association. "A history of chiropractic care". Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  4. ↑ "Chiropractic Care and Back Pain". WebMD. WebMD LLC. 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  5. ↑ "What is chiropractic?". Ontario Chiropractic Association. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
  6. ↑ Tetrault M (2005). "Country support groups". Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
  7. ↑
  8. ↑ Jaroff, Leon (February 27, 2002). "Back Off, Chiropractors!". CNN. Time magazine. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ Mirtz TA, Long P, Dinehart A; et al. (2002). "NACM and its argument with mainstream chiropractic health care". J Controv Med Claims. 9 (1): 11–8.
  11. ↑
  12. ↑
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Villanueva-Russell Y (2005). "Evidence-based medicine and its implications for the profession of chiropractic". Soc Sci Med. 60 (3): 545–61. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.05.017. PMID 15550303.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 DeVocht JW (2006). "History and overview of theories and methods of chiropractic: a counterpoint". Clin Orthop Relat Res. 444: 243–9. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000203460.89887.8d. PMID 16523145.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Leboeuf-Yde C, Hestbæk L (2008). "Maintenance care in chiropractic - what do we know?" (PDF). Chiropr Osteopat. 16 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-16-3. PMID 18466623.
  17. ↑
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Meeker WC, Haldeman S (2002). "Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine" (PDF). Ann Intern Med. 136 (3): 216–27. PMID 11827498.
  19. ↑ Haldeman, Scott. Guidelines for Chiropractic Quality and Practice Parameters. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. pp. 111–3. ISBN 0-7437-2921-3 Check |isbn= value: checksum (help). Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ McDonald WP, Durkin KF, Pfefer M; et al. (2003). How Chiropractors Think and Practice: The Survey of North American Chiropractors. Ada, OH: Institute for Social Research, Ohio Northern University. ISBN 0972805559. Summarized in: McDonald WP, Durkin KF, Pfefer M (2004). "How chiropractors think and practice: the survey of North American chiropractors". Semin Integr Med. 2 (3): 92–8. doi:10.1016/j.sigm.2004.07.002. Lay summary – Dyn Chiropr (2003-06-02).
  21. ↑ "Chapter 684 — Chiropractors". Oregon State Legislature. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  22. ↑ "Canadian Animal Chiropractic Certification Program frequently asked questions". Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  23. ↑ "RMIT - Animal Chiropractic – Master of Chiropractic Science incorporating Graduate Diploma". RMIT University. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
  24. ↑ ACA House of Delegates (1994). "'Veterinary' chiropractic". American Chiropractic Association.
  25. ↑ Tetrault M (2004). "Global professional strategy for chiropractic" (PDF). Chiropractic Diplomatic Corps. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  26. ↑ Chiropractic training:
    • Pybus, Beverly, E. A Guide to AHP Credentialing. C. hcPro. pp. 241–3. ISBN 1-57839-478-3. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
    • Coulter ID, Adams AH, Sandefur R (1997). "Chiropractic training". In Cherkin DC, Mootz RD (eds.). Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research (PDF). AHCPR Pub No. 98-N002. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. pp. 9–16. OCLC 39856366. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
    • Mestan MA, Taylor JA, Blackshaw GL, McDonald JC (2006). "Commentary: establishing an accredited Master of Science in Diagnostic Imaging degree at a chiropractic college". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 29 (5): 410–3.
  27. ↑ "Approved Chiropractic Specialty Programs" (PDF). American Chiropractic Association.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Christensen MG, Kollasch MW (2005). "Professional functions and treatment procedures" (PDF). Job Analysis of Chiropractic (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). Greeley, CO: National Board of Chiropractic Examiners. pp. 121–38. ISBN 1-884457-05-3. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
  29. ↑ Winkler K, Hegetschweiler-Goertz C, Jackson PS; et al. (2003). "Spinal manipulation policy statement" (PDF). American Chiropractic Association. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
  30. ↑ Swedlo DC (2002). "The historical development of chiropractic" (PDF). In Whitelaw WA (ed.). Proc 11th Annual History of Medicine Days. Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary. pp. 55–58. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
  31. ↑ Keating JC Jr (2003). "Several pathways in the evolution of chiropractic manipulation". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 26 (5): 300–21. doi:10.1016/S0161-4754(02)54125-7. PMID 12819626.
  32. ↑ "About chiropractic and its use in treating low-back pain" (PDF). NCCAM. 2005. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  33. ↑ World Federation of Chiropractic (2005). "WFC consultation on the identity of the chiropractic profession". Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  34. ↑ Cremata E, Collins S, Clauson W, Solinger AB, Roberts ES (2005). "Manipulation under anesthesia: a report of four cases". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 28 (7): 526–33. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.07.011. PMID 16182028.
  35. ↑ Michaelsen MR (2000). "Manipulation under joint anesthesia/analgesia: a proposed interdisciplinary treatment approach for recalcitrant spinal axis pain of synovial joint origin". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 23 (2): 127–9. doi:10.1016/S0161-4754(00)90082-4. PMID 10714542.
  36. ↑
  37. ↑ Suter E, Vanderheyden LC, Trojan LS, Verhoef MJ, Armitage GD (2007). "How important is research-based practice to chiropractors and massage therapists?". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 30 (2): 109–15. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.12.013. PMID 17320731.
  38. ↑ Feise RJ, Grod JP, Taylor-Vaisey A (2006). "Effectiveness of an evidence-based chiropractic continuing education workshop on participant knowledge of evidence-based health care". Chiropr Osteopat. 24 (14): 14:18. PMID 16930482.
  39. ↑ Kaptchuk TJ (2002). "The placebo effect in alternative medicine: can the performance of a healing ritual have clinical significance?" (PDF). Ann Intern Med. 136 (11): 817–25. PMID 12044130.
  40. ↑ Meeker WC, Haldeman S (2002). "Chiropractic: in response" (PDF). Ann Intern Med. 137 (8): 702.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Ernst E, Canter PH (2006). "A systematic review of systematic reviews of spinal manipulation". J R Soc Med. 99 (4): 192–6. doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.4.192. PMID 16574972.
  42. ↑ Quality of SMT studies:
    • Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Alonso-Blanco C, San-Roman J, Miangolarra-Page JC (2006). "Methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of spinal manipulation and mobilization in tension-type headache, migraine, and cervicogenic headache". J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 36 (3): 160–9. PMID 16596892.
    • Johnston BC, da Costa BR, Devereaux PJ, Akl EA, Busse JW; Expertise-Based RCT Working Group (2008). "The use of expertise-based randomized controlled trials to assess spinal manipulation and acupuncture for low back pain: a systematic review". Spine. 33 (8): 914–8. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816b4be4. PMID 18404113.
  43. ↑ Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, McAuley JH (2006). "Selecting an appropriate placebo for a trial of spinal manipulative therapy" (PDF). Aust J Physiother. 52 (2): 135–8. PMID 16764551.
  44. ↑ Ernst E (2008). "Chiropractic: a critical evaluation". J Pain Symptom Manage. 35 (5): 544–62. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004. PMID 18280103.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, Kawchuk G, Dagenais S (2008). "Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with spinal manipulation and mobilization". Spine J. 8 (1): 213–25. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.023. PMID 18164469.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Murphy AYMT, van Teijlingen ER, Gobbi MO (2006). "Inconsistent grading of evidence across countries: a review of low back pain guidelines". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 29 (7): 576–81, 581.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.07.005. PMID 16949948.
  47. ↑ Chou R, Huffman LH; American Pain Society; American College of Physicians (2007). "Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline". Ann Intern Med. 147 (7): 492–504. PMID 17909210.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Meeker W, Branson R, Bronfort G; et al. (2007). "Chiropractic management of low back pain and low back related leg complaints" (PDF). Council on Chiropractic Guidelines and Practice Parameters. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  49. ↑ Assendelft WJJ, Morton SC, Yu EI, Suttorp MJ, Shekelle PG (2004). "Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD000447. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000447.pub2. PMID 14973958.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Vernon H, Humphreys BK (2007). "Manual therapy for neck pain: an overview of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews" (PDF). Eura Medicophys. 43 (1): 91–118. PMID 17369783.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Hurwitz EL, Carragee EJ, van der Velde G; et al. (2008). "Treatment of neck pain: noninvasive interventions: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders". Spine. 33 (4 Suppl): S123–52. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181644b1d. PMID 18204386.
  52. ↑ Gross AR, Hoving JL, Haines TA; et al. (2004). "Manipulation and mobilisation for mechanical neck disorders". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD004249. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004249.pub2. PMID 14974063.
  53. ↑ Conlin A, Bhogal S, Sequeira K, Teasell R (2005). "Treatment of whiplash-associated disorders—part I: non-invasive interventions". Pain Res Manag. 10 (1): 21–32. PMID 15782244.
  54. ↑ Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Miangolarra JC, Barriga FJ, Pareja JA (2006). "Are manual therapies effective in reducing pain from tension-type headache?: a systematic review". Clin J Pain. 22 (3): 278–85. doi:10.1097/01.ajp.0000173017.64741.86. PMID 16514329.
  55. ↑ Biondi DM (2005). "Physical treatments for headache: a structured review". Headache. 45 (6): 738–46. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05141.x. PMID 15953306.
  56. ↑ Bronfort G, Nilsson N, Haas M; et al. (2004). "Non-invasive physical treatments for chronic/recurrent headache". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD001878. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001878.pub2. PMID 15266458.
  57. ↑ McHardy A, Hoskins W, Pollard H, Onley R, Windsham R (2008). "Chiropractic treatment of upper extremity conditions: a systematic review". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 31 (2): 146–59. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.12.004. PMID 18328941.
  58. ↑ Hoskins W, McHardy A, Pollard H, Windsham R, Onley R (2006). "Chiropractic treatment of lower extremity conditions: a literature review". J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 29 (8): 658–71. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2006.08.004. PMID 17045100.
  59. ↑ Everett CR, Patel RK (2007). "A systematic literature review of nonsurgical treatment in adult scoliosis". Spine. 32 (19 Suppl): S130–4. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318134ea88. PMID 17728680.
  60. ↑ Romano M, Negrini S (2008). "Manual therapy as a conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review". Scoliosis. 3: 2. doi:10.1186/1748-7161-3-2. PMID 18211702.
  61. ↑ Hawk C, Khorsan R, Lisi AJ, Ferrance RJ, Evans MW (2007). "Chiropractic care for nonmusculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review with implications for whole systems research". J Altern Complement Med. 13 (5): 491–512. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.7088. PMID 17604553.
  62. ↑ Kingston H (2007). "Effectiveness of chiropractic treatment for infantile colic". Paediatr Nurs. 19 (8): 26. PMID 17970361.
  63. ↑ Glazener CM, Evans JH, Cheuk DK (2005). "Complementary and miscellaneous interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD005230. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005230. PMID 15846744.
  64. ↑ Sarac AJ, Gur A (2006). "Complementary and alternative medical therapies in fibromyalgia". Curr Pharm Des. 12 (1): 47–57. PMID 16454724.
  65. ↑ Proctor ML, Hing W, Johnson TC, Murphy PA (2006). "Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD002119. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002119.pub3. PMID 16855988.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Anderson-Peacock E, Blouin JS, Bryans R; et al. (2005). "Chiropractic clinical practice guideline: evidence-based treatment of adult neck pain not due to whiplash" (PDF). J Can Chiropr Assoc. 49 (3): 158–209.
     • Anderson-Peacock E, Bryans B, Descarreaux M; et al. (2008). "A clinical practice guideline update from The CCA•CFCREAB-CPG" (PDF). J Can Chiropr Assoc. 52 (1): 7–8.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Ernst E (2007). "Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review". J R Soc Med. 100 (7): 330–8. PMID 17606755.
  68. ↑ Thiel HW, Bolton JE, Docherty S, Portlock JC (2007). "Safety of chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine: a prospective national survey". Spine. 32 (21): 2375–8. PMID 17906581.
  69. ↑ Vohra S, Johnston BC, Cramer K, Humphreys K (2007). "Adverse events associated with pediatric spinal manipulation: a systematic review". Pediatrics. 119 (1): e275–83. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1392. PMID 17178922.
  70. ↑ Miley ML, Wellik KE, Wingerchuk DM, Demaerschalk BM (2008). "Does cervical manipulative therapy cause vertebral artery dissection and stroke?". Neurologist. 14 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1097/NRL.0b013e318164e53d. PMID 18195663.

External links


da:Kiropraktik de:Chiropraktik eo:Kiropraktiko fa:کایروپرکتیک it:Chiropratica he:כירופרקטיקה nl:Chiropractie no:Kiropraktor fi:Kiropraktiikka sv:Kiropraktik ur:معالجہ بالید


Template:WikiDoc Sources Template:Jb1 Insert non-formatted text here

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Chiropractic&oldid=570738"