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| {{CMG}}
| | #redirect:[[Graham-Steell murmur]] |
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| {{SI}}
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| ==Overview==
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| A Graham Steel murmur is a [[heart murmur]] typically associated with [[pulmonary regurgitation]]. It is a high pitched [[early diastolic]] murmur heard best at the left sternal edge in the second [[intercostal space]] during [[inspiration]].
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| ==Historical Perspective==
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| It is named for [[Graham Steell]].<ref name="pmid4433433">{{cite journal |author=McArthur JD, Sukumar IP, Munsi SC, Krishnaswami S, Cherian G |title=Reassessment of Graham Steell murmur using platinum electrode technique |journal=Br Heart J |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=1023–7 |year=1974 |month=October |pmid=4433433 |pmc=1020054 |doi= 10.1136/hrt.36.10.1023|url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4433433}}</ref><ref name="pmid2023159">{{cite journal |author=Fraser AG, Weston CF |title=The Graham Steell murmur: eponymous serendipity? |journal=J R Coll Physicians Lond |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=66–70 |year=1991 |month=January |pmid=2023159 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| The murmur is heard due to a high [[velocity]] regurgitant flow across the [[pulmonary valve]].
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| ==Differential Diagnosis of Underlying Causes==
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| The Graham Steel murmur is most often a consequence of [[pulmonary hypertension]]. The Graham Steell murmur is often heard in patients with chronic [[cor pulmonale]] (pulmonary heart disease) as a result of [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]].
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| ==Historical Perspective==
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| It is named for [[Graham Steell]].<ref name="pmid4433433">{{cite journal |author=McArthur JD, Sukumar IP, Munsi SC, Krishnaswami S, Cherian G |title=Reassessment of Graham Steell murmur using platinum electrode technique |journal=Br Heart J |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=1023–7 |year=1974 |month=October |pmid=4433433 |pmc=1020054 |doi= 10.1136/hrt.36.10.1023|url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4433433}}</ref><ref name="pmid2023159">{{cite journal |author=Fraser AG, Weston CF |title=The Graham Steell murmur: eponymous serendipity? |journal=J R Coll Physicians Lond |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=66–70 |year=1991 |month=January |pmid=2023159 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| [[Category:Cardiology]]
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| [[Category:Physical examination]]
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| [[Category:Mature chapter]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
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