Myocarditis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.


==Etiology==
==Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Myocarditis==
 
The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common  type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection<ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250  }} </ref>.
The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common  type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection<ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250  }} </ref>.


*Viral infections:  
In alphabetical order:
:*[[Enterovirus]]
 
:*[[Actinomycosis]]
:*Acute [[rheumatic fever]]
:*[[Adenovirus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16172268">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, Lassner D, Noutsias M, Poller W et al.| title=Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 13 | pages= 1965-70 | pmid=16172268 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16172268  }} </ref>
:*[[Arbovirus]]
:*[[Aspergillosis]]
:*[[Balantidiasis]]
:*[[Blastomycosis]]
:*[[Brucellosis]]
:*[[Candidiasis]]
:*[[Celiac disease]]<ref name="pmid12045166">{{cite journal| author=Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Fioravanti G, Gentiloni N et al.| title=Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2002 | volume= 105 | issue= 22 | pages= 2611-8 | pmid=12045166 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
:*[[Chagas disease]]
:*[[Clostridia]]
:*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
:*[[Coxsackie B]]<ref name="pmid1558005">{{cite journal| author=Rose NR, Neumann DA, Herskowitz A| title=Coxsackievirus myocarditis. | journal=Adv Intern Med | year= 1992 | volume= 37 | issue=  | pages= 411-29 | pmid=1558005 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid4887187">{{cite journal| author=Grist NR, Bell EJ| title=Coxsackie viruses and the heart. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1969 | volume= 77 | issue= 3 | pages= 295-300 | pmid=4887187 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
:*[[Coxsackie B]]<ref name="pmid1558005">{{cite journal| author=Rose NR, Neumann DA, Herskowitz A| title=Coxsackievirus myocarditis. | journal=Adv Intern Med | year= 1992 | volume= 37 | issue=  | pages= 411-29 | pmid=1558005 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid4887187">{{cite journal| author=Grist NR, Bell EJ| title=Coxsackie viruses and the heart. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1969 | volume= 77 | issue= 3 | pages= 295-300 | pmid=4887187 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
:*[[Adenovirus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16172268">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, Lassner D, Noutsias M, Poller W et al.| title=Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 13 | pages= 1965-70 | pmid=16172268 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16172268  }} </ref>
:*[[Crohn disease]]
:*[[Influenza]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref>
:*[[Cryptococcosis]]
:*[[Cysticercosis]]
:*[[Cytomegalovirus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2983175">{{cite journal| author=Cohen JI, Corey GR| title=Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1985 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-14 | pmid=2983175 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
:*[[Cytomegalovirus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2983175">{{cite journal| author=Cohen JI, Corey GR| title=Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1985 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-14 | pmid=2983175 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
:*[[Poliomyelitis]]
:*[[Diphtheria]]
:*[[Echinococcosis]]
:*[[Enterovirus]]
:*[[Epstein-Barr virus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15557377">{{cite journal| author=Chimenti C, Russo A, Pieroni M, Calabrese F, Verardo R, Thiene G et al.| title=Intramyocyte detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome by laser capture microdissection in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 110 | issue= 23 | pages= 3534-9 | pmid=15557377 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000148823.08092.0E | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15557377  }} </ref>
:*[[Epstein-Barr virus]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15557377">{{cite journal| author=Chimenti C, Russo A, Pieroni M, Calabrese F, Verardo R, Thiene G et al.| title=Intramyocyte detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome by laser capture microdissection in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. | journal=Circulation | year= 2004 | volume= 110 | issue= 23 | pages= 3534-9 | pmid=15557377 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000148823.08092.0E | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15557377  }} </ref>
:*[[HIV-1]]
:*[[Filariasis]]
:*[[Viral hepatitis]]
:*[[Giant cell myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid19026310">{{cite journal| author=Cooper LT, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, Edwards WD, Starling RC, Deng MC et al.| title=Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 102 | issue= 11 | pages= 1535-9 | pmid=19026310 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.041 | pmc=PMC2613862 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19026310 }} </ref>
:*[[Mumps]]
:*[[Heatstroke]]
:*[[Rubeola]]
:*[[Varicella]]
:*[[Variola]]/vaccinia<ref name="pmid15120802">{{cite journal| author=Cassimatis DC, Atwood JE, Engler RM, Linz PE, Grabenstein JD, Vernalis MN| title=Smallpox vaccination and myopericarditis: a clinical review. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 43 | issue= 9 | pages= 1503-10 | pmid=15120802 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.053 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15120802 }} </ref>
:*[[Arbovirus]]
:*[[Hepatitis C]]<ref name="pmid10908160">{{cite journal| author=Matsumori A, Yutani C, Ikeda Y, Kawai S, Sasayama S| title=Hepatitis C virus from the hearts of patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. | journal=Lab Invest | year= 2000 | volume= 80 | issue= 7 | pages= 1137-42 | pmid=10908160 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
:*[[Hepatitis C]]<ref name="pmid10908160">{{cite journal| author=Matsumori A, Yutani C, Ikeda Y, Kawai S, Sasayama S| title=Hepatitis C virus from the hearts of patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. | journal=Lab Invest | year= 2000 | volume= 80 | issue= 7 | pages= 1137-42 | pmid=10908160 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
:*[[Respiratory syncytial virus]]
:*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
:*[[Herpes simplex virus]]
:*[[Yellow fever virus]]
:*Heterophyiasis
:*[[Rabies]]
:*[[Histoplasmosis]]
:*[[Parvovirus B19]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20456978">{{cite journal| author=Breinholt JP, Moulik M, Dreyer WJ, Denfield SW, Kim JJ, Jefferies JL et al.| title=Viral epidemiologic shift in inflammatory heart disease: the increasing involvement of parvovirus B19 in the myocardium of pediatric cardiac transplant patients. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2010 | volume= 29 | issue= 7 | pages= 739-46 | pmid=20456978 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2010.03.003 | pmc=PMC2902647 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20456978  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12792925">{{cite journal| author=Pankuweit S, Moll R, Baandrup U, Portig I, Hufnagel G, Maisch B| title=Prevalence of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsy specimens. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 5 | pages= 497-503 | pmid=12792925 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12792925  }} </ref>
:*[[HIV-1]]
 
:*[[Hyperthermia]]
*Bacterial infections:
:*[[Influenza]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref>
:*[[Tuberculosis]]
:*[[Kawasaki disease]]
:*[[Diphtheria]]
:*[[Leishmaniasis]]
:*[[Malaria]]
:*[[Melioidosis]]
:*[[Meningococci]]
:*[[Meningococci]]
:*[[Brucellosis]]
:*[[Mucormycosis]]
:*[[Clostridia]]
:*[[Mumps]]
:*[[Streptococci]]
:*[[Staphylococci]]
:*[[Melioidosis]]
:*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
:*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
:*[[Parvovirus B19]]<ref name="pmid12906974">{{cite journal| author=Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R et al.| title=Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 42 | issue= 3 | pages= 466-72 | pmid=12906974 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12906974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20456978">{{cite journal| author=Breinholt JP, Moulik M, Dreyer WJ, Denfield SW, Kim JJ, Jefferies JL et al.| title=Viral epidemiologic shift in inflammatory heart disease: the increasing involvement of parvovirus B19 in the myocardium of pediatric cardiac transplant patients. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 2010 | volume= 29 | issue= 7 | pages= 739-46 | pmid=20456978 | doi=10.1016/j.healun.2010.03.003 | pmc=PMC2902647 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20456978  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12792925">{{cite journal| author=Pankuweit S, Moll R, Baandrup U, Portig I, Hufnagel G, Maisch B| title=Prevalence of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsy specimens. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 34 | issue= 5 | pages= 497-503 | pmid=12792925 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12792925  }} </ref>
:*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
:*[[Poliomyelitis]]
:*[[Psittacosis]]
:*[[Psittacosis]]
 
:*[[Rabies]]
*Fungal infections:
:*Radiation exposure
:*[[Candidiasis]]
:*[[Respiratory syncytial virus]]
:*[[Cryptococcosis]]
:*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
:*[[Aspergillosis]]
:*[[Rubeola]]
:*[[Histoplasmosis]]
:*[[Sarcoidosis]]
:*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
:*[[Mucormycosis]]
:*[[Actinomycosis]]
:*[[Blastomycosis]]
 
*Parasitic infections:
:*[[Chagas disease]]
:*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
:*[[Trypanosomiasis]]
:*[[Malaria]]
:*[[Leishmaniasis]]
:*[[Balantidiasis]]
:*Sarcosporidiosis
:*Sarcosporidiosis
:*[[Trichinosis]]
:*[[Echinococcosis]]
:*[[Schistosomiasis]]
:*[[Schistosomiasis]]
:*Heterophyiasis
:*[[Scleroderma]]
:*[[Cysticercosis]]
:*[[Staphylococci]]
:*[[Visceral larva migrans]]
:*[[Streptococci]]
:*[[Filariasis]]
 
*Autoimmune causes<ref name="pmid12045166">{{cite journal| author=Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Fioravanti G, Gentiloni N et al.| title=Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2002 | volume= 105 | issue= 22 | pages= 2611-8 | pmid=12045166 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>:
:*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
:*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
:*[[Crohn disease]]
:*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
:*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
:*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
:*[[Trichinosis]]
:*[[Trypanosomiasis]]
:*[[Tuberculosis]]
:*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
:*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
:*[[Kawasaki disease]]
:*[[Varicella]]
:*[[Giant cell myocarditis]]<ref name="pmid19026310">{{cite journal| author=Cooper LT, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, Edwards WD, Starling RC, Deng MC et al.| title=Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2008 | volume= 102 | issue= 11 | pages= 1535-9 | pmid=19026310 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.041 | pmc=PMC2613862 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19026310 }} </ref>
:*[[Variola]]/vaccinia<ref name="pmid15120802">{{cite journal| author=Cassimatis DC, Atwood JE, Engler RM, Linz PE, Grabenstein JD, Vernalis MN| title=Smallpox vaccination and myopericarditis: a clinical review. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 43 | issue= 9 | pages= 1503-10 | pmid=15120802 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.053 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15120802 }} </ref>
:*[[Viral hepatitis]]
:*[[Visceral larva migrans]]
:*[[Wegener granulomatosis]]
:*[[Wegener granulomatosis]]
:*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
:*[[Yellow fever virus]]
:*[[Scleroderma]]
:*[[Sarcoidosis]]


*Drugs known to cause hypersensitive myocarditis<ref name="pmid19189924">{{cite journal| author=Pursnani A, Yee H, Slater W, Sarswat N| title=Hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with azithromycin exposure. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2009 | volume= 150 | issue= 3 | pages= 225-6 | pmid=19189924 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19189924  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4010343">{{cite journal| author=Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT| title=Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1985 | volume= 60 | issue= 7 | pages= 463-8 | pmid=4010343 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid19440116">{{cite journal| author=Ben m'rad M, Leclerc-Mercier S, Blanche P, Franck N, Rozenberg F, Fulla Y et al.| title=Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical and biologic disease patterns in 24 patients. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2009 | volume= 88 | issue= 3 | pages= 131-40 | pmid=19440116 | doi=10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a4d1a1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19440116  }} </ref>:
*Drugs known to cause hypersensitive myocarditis<ref name="pmid19189924">{{cite journal| author=Pursnani A, Yee H, Slater W, Sarswat N| title=Hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with azithromycin exposure. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2009 | volume= 150 | issue= 3 | pages= 225-6 | pmid=19189924 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19189924  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4010343">{{cite journal| author=Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT| title=Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 1985 | volume= 60 | issue= 7 | pages= 463-8 | pmid=4010343 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid19440116">{{cite journal| author=Ben m'rad M, Leclerc-Mercier S, Blanche P, Franck N, Rozenberg F, Fulla Y et al.| title=Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical and biologic disease patterns in 24 patients. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2009 | volume= 88 | issue= 3 | pages= 131-40 | pmid=19440116 | doi=10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a4d1a1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19440116  }} </ref>:
:*[[Penicillin]]
:*[[Amphetamines]]
:*[[Benzodiazepines]]
:*[[Carbamazepine]]
:*[[Chloramphenicol]]
:*[[Clozapine]]<ref name="pmid17194170">{{cite journal| author=Haas SJ, Hill R, Krum H, Liew D, Tonkin A, Demos L et al.| title=Clozapine-associated myocarditis: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis associated with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993-2003. | journal=Drug Saf | year= 2007 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-57 | pmid=17194170 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17194170  }} </ref>
:*[[Cocaine]]
:*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
:*[[Dobutamine]]<ref name="pmid7578186">{{cite journal| author=Spear GS| title=Eosinophilic explant carditis with eosinophilia: ?Hypersensitivity to dobutamine infusion. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 1995 | volume= 14 | issue= 4 | pages= 755-60 | pmid=7578186 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid15090985">{{cite journal| author=Johnson MR| title=Eosinophilic myocarditis in the explanted hearts of cardiac transplant recipients: Interesting pathologic finding or pathophysiologic entity of clinical significance? | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2004 | volume= 32 | issue= 3 | pages= 888-90 | pmid=15090985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15090985  }} </ref>
:*[[Dobutamine]]<ref name="pmid7578186">{{cite journal| author=Spear GS| title=Eosinophilic explant carditis with eosinophilia: ?Hypersensitivity to dobutamine infusion. | journal=J Heart Lung Transplant | year= 1995 | volume= 14 | issue= 4 | pages= 755-60 | pmid=7578186 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid15090985">{{cite journal| author=Johnson MR| title=Eosinophilic myocarditis in the explanted hearts of cardiac transplant recipients: Interesting pathologic finding or pathophysiologic entity of clinical significance? | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2004 | volume= 32 | issue= 3 | pages= 888-90 | pmid=15090985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15090985  }} </ref>
:*[[Chloramphenicol]]
:*[[Sulfonamides]]
:*[[Methyldopa]]
:*[[Methyldopa]]
:*[[Penicillin]]
:*[[Phenytoin]]
:*[[Phenytoin]]
:*[[Spironolactone]]
:*[[Spironolactone]]
:*[[Carbamazepine]]
:*[[Streptomycin]]
:*[[Streptomycin]]
:*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
:*[[Sulfonamides]]
:*[[Amphetamines]]
:*[[Cocaine]]
:*[[Benzodiazepines]]
:*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
:*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
:*[[Clozapine]]<ref name="pmid17194170">{{cite journal| author=Haas SJ, Hill R, Krum H, Liew D, Tonkin A, Demos L et al.| title=Clozapine-associated myocarditis: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis associated with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993-2003. | journal=Drug Saf | year= 2007 | volume= 30 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-57 | pmid=17194170 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17194170  }} </ref>
*Other causes:
:*Acute [[rheumatic fever]]
:*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
:*Radiation exposure
:*[[Hyperthermia]]
:*[[Heatstroke]]
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Revision as of 14:49, 17 August 2011

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Myocarditis

The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection[1].

In alphabetical order:

  • Drugs known to cause hypersensitive myocarditis[14][15][16]:

References

  1. ↑ Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D; et al. (2005). "High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction". Circulation. 111 (7): 887–93. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35. PMID 15699250.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R; et al. (2003). "Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults". J Am Coll Cardiol. 42 (3): 466–72. PMID 12906974.
  3. ↑ Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, Lassner D, Noutsias M, Poller W; et al. (2005). "Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction". Circulation. 112 (13): 1965–70. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156. PMID 16172268.
  4. ↑ Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Fioravanti G, Gentiloni N; et al. (2002). "Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis". Circulation. 105 (22): 2611–8. PMID 12045166.
  5. ↑ Rose NR, Neumann DA, Herskowitz A (1992). "Coxsackievirus myocarditis". Adv Intern Med. 37: 411–29. PMID 1558005.
  6. ↑ Grist NR, Bell EJ (1969). "Coxsackie viruses and the heart". Am Heart J. 77 (3): 295–300. PMID 4887187.
  7. ↑ Cohen JI, Corey GR (1985). "Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host". Medicine (Baltimore). 64 (2): 100–14. PMID 2983175.
  8. ↑ Chimenti C, Russo A, Pieroni M, Calabrese F, Verardo R, Thiene G; et al. (2004). "Intramyocyte detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome by laser capture microdissection in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy". Circulation. 110 (23): 3534–9. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000148823.08092.0E. PMID 15557377.
  9. ↑ Cooper LT, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, Edwards WD, Starling RC, Deng MC; et al. (2008). "Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis". Am J Cardiol. 102 (11): 1535–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.041. PMC 2613862. PMID 19026310.
  10. ↑ Matsumori A, Yutani C, Ikeda Y, Kawai S, Sasayama S (2000). "Hepatitis C virus from the hearts of patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy". Lab Invest. 80 (7): 1137–42. PMID 10908160.
  11. ↑ Breinholt JP, Moulik M, Dreyer WJ, Denfield SW, Kim JJ, Jefferies JL; et al. (2010). "Viral epidemiologic shift in inflammatory heart disease: the increasing involvement of parvovirus B19 in the myocardium of pediatric cardiac transplant patients". J Heart Lung Transplant. 29 (7): 739–46. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2010.03.003. PMC 2902647. PMID 20456978.
  12. ↑ Pankuweit S, Moll R, Baandrup U, Portig I, Hufnagel G, Maisch B (2003). "Prevalence of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsy specimens". Hum Pathol. 34 (5): 497–503. PMID 12792925.
  13. ↑ Cassimatis DC, Atwood JE, Engler RM, Linz PE, Grabenstein JD, Vernalis MN (2004). "Smallpox vaccination and myopericarditis: a clinical review". J Am Coll Cardiol. 43 (9): 1503–10. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.053. PMID 15120802.
  14. ↑ Pursnani A, Yee H, Slater W, Sarswat N (2009). "Hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with azithromycin exposure". Ann Intern Med. 150 (3): 225–6. PMID 19189924.
  15. ↑ Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT (1985). "Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity". Mayo Clin Proc. 60 (7): 463–8. PMID 4010343.
  16. ↑ Ben m'rad M, Leclerc-Mercier S, Blanche P, Franck N, Rozenberg F, Fulla Y; et al. (2009). "Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical and biologic disease patterns in 24 patients". Medicine (Baltimore). 88 (3): 131–40. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a4d1a1. PMID 19440116.
  17. ↑ Haas SJ, Hill R, Krum H, Liew D, Tonkin A, Demos L; et al. (2007). "Clozapine-associated myocarditis: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis associated with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993-2003". Drug Saf. 30 (1): 47–57. PMID 17194170.
  18. ↑ Spear GS (1995). "Eosinophilic explant carditis with eosinophilia: ?Hypersensitivity to dobutamine infusion". J Heart Lung Transplant. 14 (4): 755–60. PMID 7578186.
  19. ↑ Johnson MR (2004). "Eosinophilic myocarditis in the explanted hearts of cardiac transplant recipients: Interesting pathologic finding or pathophysiologic entity of clinical significance?". Crit Care Med. 32 (3): 888–90. PMID 15090985.

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