Myocarditis causes: Difference between revisions
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==Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Myocarditis== | ==Differential Diagnosis of the Underlying Causes of Myocarditis== | ||
The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection<ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250 }} </ref>. | The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection<ref name="pmid15699250">{{cite journal| author=Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D et al.| title=High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 7 | pages= 887-93 | pmid=15699250 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15699250 }} </ref>. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.
Differential Diagnosis of the Underlying Causes of Myocarditis
(By organ system)
| Cardiovascular | Acute rheumatic fever |
| Chemical / poisoning | Arsenic, Carbon monoxide, Lead |
| Dermatologic | Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Drug Side Effect | Drugs are known to cause hypersensitive myocarditis[1][2][3]. Peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophilic myocardial infiltrates may be seen on myocardial biopsy. Some of the common drugs are: Amphetamines, Benzodiazepines, Carbamazepine, Chloramphenicol, Clozapine[4], Cocaine, Cyclophosphamide, Dobutamine[5][6], Methyldopa, Penicillin, Phenytoin, Spironolactone, Streptomycin, Sulfonamides, Tricyclic antidepressants. |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Thyrotoxicosis |
| Environmental | Heatstroke, Scorpion stings, snake bites, bites from black widow spider, wasp venom, tick paralysis |
| Gastroenterologic | Celiac disease[7], Crohn disease, Ulcerative colitis |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Inflammatory myocarditis may be seen in post transplant rejection. |
| Infectious Disease |
Viral: The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection[8]. Common virus associated with myocarditis are- Adenovirus[9][10], Arbovirus, Coxsackie B[11][12], Cytomegalovirus[9][13], Enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus[9][14], Herpes simplex virus, Hepatitis C[15], HIV-1, Influenza[9], Mumps, Parvovirus B19[9][16][17], Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rubeola, Varicella, Variola/vaccinia[18], Viral hepatitis, Yellow fever virus Bacterial: Brucellosis, Clostridia, Diphtheria, Melioidosis, Meningococci, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Psittacosis, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Tuberculosis Fungal: Actinomycosis, Aspergillosis, Blastomycosis, Candidiasis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Mucormycosis Parasitic: Balantidiasis, Chagas disease, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Filariasis, Heterophyiasis, Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Sarcosporidiosis, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Trichinosis, Trypanosomiasis, Visceral larva migrans Rickettsial: Q fever, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Scrub typhus Spirochetal: leptospirosis/Weil disease, Lyme disease, relapsing fever/Borrelia, Syphilis |
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional / Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | Peripartum cardiomyopathy |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Opthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose / Toxicity | Radiation exposure |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Sarcoidosis |
| Renal / Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy | Crohn disease, Giant cell myocarditis[19], Kawasaki disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Thyrotoxicosis, Ulcerative colitis, Wegener granulomatosis |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Heatstroke, Hyperthermia, Radiation exposure |
Differential Diagnosis of the Underlying Causes of Myocarditis
The cause of myocarditis may be infectious or non-infectious. The idiopathic myocarditis is the most common type of myocarditis and is often suspected to be secondary to viral infection[8].
(In alphabetical order)
- Acute rheumatic fever
- Heterophyiasis
- Radiation exposure
- Sarcosporidiosis
Drugs known to cause hypersensitive myocarditis[1][2][3]
- Amphetamines
- Benzodiazepines
- Carbamazepine
- Chloramphenicol
- Clozapine[4]
- Cocaine
- Cyclophosphamide
- Dobutamine[5][6]
- Methyldopa
- Penicillin
- Phenytoin
- Spironolactone
- Streptomycin
- Sulfonamides
- Tricyclic antidepressants
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pursnani A, Yee H, Slater W, Sarswat N (2009). "Hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with azithromycin exposure". Ann Intern Med. 150 (3): 225–6. PMID 19189924.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT (1985). "Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity". Mayo Clin Proc. 60 (7): 463–8. PMID 4010343.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ben m'rad M, Leclerc-Mercier S, Blanche P, Franck N, Rozenberg F, Fulla Y; et al. (2009). "Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome: clinical and biologic disease patterns in 24 patients". Medicine (Baltimore). 88 (3): 131–40. doi:10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a4d1a1. PMID 19440116.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Haas SJ, Hill R, Krum H, Liew D, Tonkin A, Demos L; et al. (2007). "Clozapine-associated myocarditis: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis associated with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993-2003". Drug Saf. 30 (1): 47–57. PMID 17194170.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Spear GS (1995). "Eosinophilic explant carditis with eosinophilia: ?Hypersensitivity to dobutamine infusion". J Heart Lung Transplant. 14 (4): 755–60. PMID 7578186.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Johnson MR (2004). "Eosinophilic myocarditis in the explanted hearts of cardiac transplant recipients: Interesting pathologic finding or pathophysiologic entity of clinical significance?". Crit Care Med. 32 (3): 888–90. PMID 15090985.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Frustaci A, Cuoco L, Chimenti C, Pieroni M, Fioravanti G, Gentiloni N; et al. (2002). "Celiac disease associated with autoimmune myocarditis". Circulation. 105 (22): 2611–8. PMID 12045166.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Noutsias M, Seeberg B, Bock T, Lassner D; et al. (2005). "High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with "idiopathic" left ventricular dysfunction". Circulation. 111 (7): 887–93. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35. PMID 15699250.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, Pauschinger M, Schultheiss HP, McCarthy R; et al. (2003). "Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults". J Am Coll Cardiol. 42 (3): 466–72. PMID 12906974.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, Lassner D, Noutsias M, Poller W; et al. (2005). "Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction". Circulation. 112 (13): 1965–70. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156. PMID 16172268.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Rose NR, Neumann DA, Herskowitz A (1992). "Coxsackievirus myocarditis". Adv Intern Med. 37: 411–29. PMID 1558005.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Grist NR, Bell EJ (1969). "Coxsackie viruses and the heart". Am Heart J. 77 (3): 295–300. PMID 4887187.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cohen JI, Corey GR (1985). "Cytomegalovirus infection in the normal host". Medicine (Baltimore). 64 (2): 100–14. PMID 2983175.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Chimenti C, Russo A, Pieroni M, Calabrese F, Verardo R, Thiene G; et al. (2004). "Intramyocyte detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome by laser capture microdissection in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy". Circulation. 110 (23): 3534–9. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000148823.08092.0E. PMID 15557377.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Matsumori A, Yutani C, Ikeda Y, Kawai S, Sasayama S (2000). "Hepatitis C virus from the hearts of patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy". Lab Invest. 80 (7): 1137–42. PMID 10908160.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Breinholt JP, Moulik M, Dreyer WJ, Denfield SW, Kim JJ, Jefferies JL; et al. (2010). "Viral epidemiologic shift in inflammatory heart disease: the increasing involvement of parvovirus B19 in the myocardium of pediatric cardiac transplant patients". J Heart Lung Transplant. 29 (7): 739–46. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2010.03.003. PMC 2902647. PMID 20456978.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Pankuweit S, Moll R, Baandrup U, Portig I, Hufnagel G, Maisch B (2003). "Prevalence of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsy specimens". Hum Pathol. 34 (5): 497–503. PMID 12792925.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cassimatis DC, Atwood JE, Engler RM, Linz PE, Grabenstein JD, Vernalis MN (2004). "Smallpox vaccination and myopericarditis: a clinical review". J Am Coll Cardiol. 43 (9): 1503–10. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.11.053. PMID 15120802.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cooper LT, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, Edwards WD, Starling RC, Deng MC; et al. (2008). "Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis". Am J Cardiol. 102 (11): 1535–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.041. PMC 2613862. PMID 19026310.