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Revision as of 18:53, 27 September 2011

Pentobarbital
Clinical data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		Oral, Intravenous, Intramuscular, Rectal; also Intraperitoneal & Intracardiac (for animal euthanasia)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability70-90% oral; 90% rectal
Protein binding20-45%
MetabolismHepatic
Elimination half-life15-48 hours
ExcretionRenal
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
E number{{#property:P628}}
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Chemical and physical data
FormulaC11H18N2O3
Molar mass226.1317

Pentobarbital is a short acting barbiturate that is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol.[1] One trade name for this drug is Nembutal®, coined by Dr. John S. Lundy, who started using it in 1930, from the structural formula of the sodium salt—Na (sodium) + ethyl + methyl + butyl + al (common suffix for barbiturates).[2]

Uses

Approved

Pentobarbital's FDA approved human uses include treatment of seizures and preoperative (and other) sedation; it is also approved as a short-term hypnotic.[3]

In France, it is used in the treatment of insomnia, and as a preanesthetic.[4]

Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label

Off-label uses of pentobarbital include reduction of intracranial pressure in Reye's syndrome, traumatic brain injury[1] and induction of coma in cerebral ischemia patients.[3]

Veterinary medicine

In veterinary medicine sodium pentobarbital—traded under names such as Sagatal—is used as an anaesthetic.[5] Pentobarbital is an ingredient in Equithesin.

Veterinary Euthanasia

It is used by itself, or more often in combination with complementary agents such as phenytoin, in commercial animal euthanasia[6] injectable solutions. Trade names include Euthasol, Euthatal, Beuthanasia-D and Fatal Plus.

Human Euthanasia

Pentobarbital has also been used for physician-assisted suicide. Pentobarbital was used for this purpose in the Northern Territory of Australia, prior to euthanasia becoming illegal. It is also commonly used in Oregon for physician assisted suicide. [7]

Folklore

A pentobarbital suppository was cited in an October 2006 news article in WorldNetDaily.com as the cause of death of Marilyn Monroe.

The Beatles were accusedfact|date=July 2007 of writing their 1966 hit Yellow Submarine while under the psychoactive effects of Nembutal, though band members denied the allegations.

The Clash makes a reference to it in the song The Right Profile from the album London Calling in which the lyrics read "Nembutal numbs it all, But I prefer… alcohol!".

Metabolism

Pentobarbital undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver and possibly the intestines.[8]

Drug Interactions

Administration of alcohol, opioids, antihistamines, other sedative-hypnotics, and other central nervous system depressants will additively increase the sedation caused by pentobarbital.[3]


Tricyclic antidepressants decrease serum levels of pentobarbital.


References and End Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Pentobarbital". San Diego Reference Laboratory: Technical Help. Retrieved 16 July. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. ↑ Lee C. Fosburgh (1997). "Imagining in Time: From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia -- John S. Lundy, MD". American Association of Nurse Anesthetists Journal. 65 (4): 323–8. PMID 9281913.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Deglin, Judith Hopfer (2004-06-01) [1988]. Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses (9th edition ed.). F. A. Davis Company. p. 789. ISBN 978-0-8036-1154-2. Retrieved 2005-07-16. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ VIDAL (2001). "PENTOBARBITAL SODIQUE". Banque de Données Automatisée sur les Médicaments. Retrieved May 2. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ↑ UBC Committee on Animal Care (2005). "Euthanasia". SOP 009E1 - euthanasia - overdose with pentobarbital. The University of British Columbia. Retrieved 4 October. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  6. ↑ Unknown (2003). "ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA". Animal Use Protocols. University of Virginia. Retrieved 4 October. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  7. ↑ Goodenough, Patrick (2002-03-26). "Campaigners Rally Round Right-To-Die Woman". CNSNews.com. Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Knodell, R. G. (1980). "Alterations in pentobarbital pharmacokinetics in response to parenteral and enteral alimentation in the rat". Gastroenterology. 79 (6): 1211–6. PMID 6777235. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

External links

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