Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy invasive therapy guidelines: Difference between revisions
(/* 2007 ESC Guidelines for Cardiac Pacing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy{{cite journal| author=Vardas PE, Auricchio A, Blanc JJ, Daubert JC, Drexler H, Ector H et al.| title=Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Tas) |
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====Class IIb==== | ====Class IIb==== | ||
Patients with drug refractory hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with significant resting or provoked LVOT gradient and contraindications for septal ablation or myectomy. ''(Level of Evidence: A)'' | Patients with drug refractory hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with significant resting or provoked [[LVOT]] gradient<ref name="pmid1350522">{{cite journal| author=Fananapazir L, Cannon RO, Tripodi D, Panza JA| title=Impact of dual-chamber permanent pacing in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with symptoms refractory to verapamil and beta-adrenergic blocker therapy. | journal=Circulation | year= 1992 | volume= 85 | issue= 6 | pages= 2149-61 | pmid=1350522 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid7994815">{{cite journal| author=Fananapazir L, Epstein ND, Curiel RV, Panza JA, Tripodi D, McAreavey D| title=Long-term results of dual-chamber (DDD) pacing in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Evidence for progressive symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement and reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy. | journal=Circulation | year= 1994 | volume= 90 | issue= 6 | pages= 2731-42 | pmid=7994815 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid9458416">{{cite journal| author=Kappenberger L, Linde C, Daubert C, McKenna W, Meisel E, Sadoul N et al.| title=Pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A randomized crossover study. PIC Study Group. | journal=Eur Heart J | year= 1997 | volume= 18 | issue= 8 | pages= 1249-56 | pmid=9458416 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> and contraindications for septal ablation or [[septal mectomy|myectomy]]. ''(Level of Evidence: A)'' | ||
====Class III==== | ====Class III==== | ||
# Asymptomatic patients | # Asymptomatic patients. ''(Level of Evidence: C)'' | ||
# Symptomatic patients who do not have LVOT obstruction. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''}} | # Symptomatic patients who do not have [[LVOT]] obstruction. ''(Level of Evidence: C)''}} | ||
===AICD (automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator) placement=== | ===AICD (automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator) placement=== | ||
Revision as of 16:12, 29 October 2011
Editors-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Cafer Zorkun, M.D. [2], Caitlin J. Harrigan [3], Martin S. Maron, M.D., and Barry J. Maron, M.D.
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Interventional cardiology and device based therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Alcohol septal ablation
Alcohol septal ablation, introduced by Ulrich Sigwart in 1994, is a percutaneous technique that involves injection of alcohol into the first septal perferator of the left anterior descending artery. This is a technique with results similar to the surgical septal myectomy procedure but is less invasive, since it does not involve general anaesthesia and opening of the chest wall and pericardium (which are done in a septal myomectomy). In a select population with symptoms secondary to a high outflow tract gradient, alcohol septal ablation can reduce the symptoms of HCM.[1][2][3] When performed properly, an alcohol septal ablation induces a controlled heart attack, in which the portion of the interventricular septum that involves the left ventricular outflow tract is infarcted and will contract into a scar.
Non-randomized data from the Netherlands suggests caution in the utilization of alcohol septal ablation, which may be inferior to surgical myectomy [4]. Outcomes (the risk of cardiac death and aborted sudden cardiac death including appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator discharges for fast ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation)of 91 consecutive alcohol septal ablation patients were compared with 40 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who underwent septal myectomy. The 1-, 5-, and 8-year event free survival was 96%, 86%, and 67%, respectively in the alcohol septal ablation patients which was poorer than the 100%, 96%, and 96%, event free rates in the myectomy patients over 6.6±2.7 years (P=0.01). Stated differently, the alcohol septal ablation patients faced 5-fold increase in the risk of the primary endpoint on an annual basis (4.4% versus 0.9%) even when adjustments were made in a multivariable model that adjusted for a propensity score (p=0.02). Based upon these non-randomized data, myectomy appears to be preffered to alcohol septal ablation.
Ventricular pacing
The use of a pacemaker has been advocated in a subset of individuals, in order to cause asynchronous contraction of the left ventricle. Since the pacemaker activates the interventricular septum before the left ventricular free wall, the gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract may decrease. The AV interval must be shortened to do this, but not at the expense of diastolic filling. This form of treatment has been shown to provide less relief of symptoms and less of a reduction in the left ventricular outflow tract gradient when compared to surgical myectomy [5]. Dual chamber pacing does not decrease the risk of sudden cardiac death in these patients.
2008 ACC/AHA Guidelines for Pacing in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT) [6]
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Class I1. Permanent pacing is indicated for SND or AV block in patients with HCM as described previously in Sinus Node Dysfunction, Acquired Atrioventricular Block in Adults). (Level of Evidence: C) Class IIb1. Permanent pacing may be considered in medically refractory symptomatic patients with HCM and significant resting or provoked LV outflow tract obstruction. (Level of Evidence: A) As for Class I indications, when risk factors for SCD are present, consider a DDD ICD . Class III1. Permanent pacemaker implantation is not indicated for patients who are asymptomatic or whose symptoms are medically controlled. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. Permanent pacemaker implantation is not indicated for symptomatic patients without evidence of LV outflow tract obstruction. (Level of Evidence: C) |
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2007 ESC Guidelines for Cardiac Pacing in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy[7]
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Class IIaSymptomatic bradycardia due to beta-blockade when alternative therapies are unacceptable. (Level of Evidence: C) Class IIbPatients with drug refractory hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with significant resting or provoked LVOT gradient[8][9][10] and contraindications for septal ablation or myectomy. (Level of Evidence: A) Class III
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AICD (automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator) placement
The role of AICD (automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator) placement in HCM is controversial. It offers the best potential benefit for survival and should probably be implanted in survivors of SCD and those deemed at high risk by clinical parameters. Nonetheless, the impact on prognosis is unclear because tachyarrhythmias may not always be the mechanism for syncope and sudden death. In addition, older patients may be self-selected “survivors” that stand to gain less from ICD placement. One recent retrospective study showed that at an average follow-up of 128 patients at 3.1 years, 23 percent had shocks for VT (ventricular tachycardia) and 25% had inappropriate shocks. Of those receiving the ICD prophylactically, 5% were shocked per year. This study did not evaluate the role of clinical predictors, evaluate total mortality and was a non-randomized retrospective design that does not establish the need for ICD placement in all patients with HCM or superiority to amiodarone therapy.
References
- ↑ Maron BJ (2002). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review". JAMA. 287 (10): 1308–20. PMID 11886323.
- ↑ Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, Williams WG (1995). "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical spectrum and treatment". Circulation. 92 (7): 1680–92. PMID 7671349.
- ↑ Brilakis ES, Nishimura RA. Severe pulmonary hypertension in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: response to alcohol septal ablation. Heart. 2003 Jul; 89(7):790. (Medline abstract)
- ↑ Ten Cate FJ, Soliman OI, Michels M, Theuns DA, de Jong PL, Geleijnse ML, Serruys PW (2010). "Long-Term Outcome of Alcohol Septal Ablation in Patients with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Word of Caution". Circulation. Heart Failure. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.862359. PMID 20332420. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Squires RW, Schaff HV, Danielson GK, Tajik AJ. Comparison of dual-chamber pacing versus septal myectomy for the treatment of patients with hypertropic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a comparison of objective hemodynamic and exercise end points. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Jul; 34(1):191–6. (Medline abstract)
- ↑ Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207
- ↑ Vardas PE, Auricchio A, Blanc JJ, Daubert JC, Drexler H, Ector H; et al. (2007). "Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association". Europace. 9 (10): 959–98. doi:10.1093/europace/eum189. PMID 17726043.
- ↑ Fananapazir L, Cannon RO, Tripodi D, Panza JA (1992). "Impact of dual-chamber permanent pacing in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with symptoms refractory to verapamil and beta-adrenergic blocker therapy". Circulation. 85 (6): 2149–61. PMID 1350522.
- ↑ Fananapazir L, Epstein ND, Curiel RV, Panza JA, Tripodi D, McAreavey D (1994). "Long-term results of dual-chamber (DDD) pacing in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Evidence for progressive symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement and reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy". Circulation. 90 (6): 2731–42. PMID 7994815.
- ↑ Kappenberger L, Linde C, Daubert C, McKenna W, Meisel E, Sadoul N; et al. (1997). "Pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A randomized crossover study. PIC Study Group". Eur Heart J. 18 (8): 1249–56. PMID 9458416.