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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Coronary artery bypass surgery}}
{{Coronary artery bypass surgery}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{VK}}
==ACCF/AHA Guidelines for Anesthetic Considerations during Coronary Artery Bypass surgery<ref name="pmid22064599">{{cite journal| author=Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=22064599 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31823c074e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22064599  }} </ref>==
==ACCF/AHA Guidelines for Anesthetic Considerations during Coronary Artery Bypass surgery<ref name="pmid22064599">{{cite journal| author=Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=22064599 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31823c074e | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22064599  }} </ref>==


{{cquote|
{{cquote|
===Class I===
===[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]===
'''1.''' Anesthetic management directed toward early postoperative extubation and accelerated recovery of low to medium-risk patients undergoing uncomplicated CABG is recommended.<ref name="pmid14583985">{{cite journal| author=Hawkes CA, Dhileepan S, Foxcroft D| title=Early extubation for adult cardiac surgical patients. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2003 | volume=  | issue= 4 | pages= CD003587 | pmid=14583985 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003587 | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid14508335">{{cite journal| author=Myles PS, Daly DJ, Djaiani G, Lee A, Cheng DC| title=A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of fast-track cardiac anesthesia. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 2003 | volume= 99 | issue= 4 | pages= 982-7 | pmid=14508335 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid16614584">{{cite journal| author=van Mastrigt GA, Maessen JG, Heijmans J, Severens JL, Prins MH| title=Does fast-track treatment lead to a decrease of intensive care unit and hospital length of stay in coronary artery bypass patients? A meta-regression of randomized clinical trials. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2006 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1624-34 | pmid=16614584 | doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000217963.87227.7B | pmc= | url= }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
'''1.''' Anesthetic management directed toward early postoperative extubation and accelerated recovery of low to medium-risk patients undergoing uncomplicated CABG is recommended.<ref name="pmid14583985">{{cite journal| author=Hawkes CA, Dhileepan S, Foxcroft D| title=Early extubation for adult cardiac surgical patients. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2003 | volume=  | issue= 4 | pages= CD003587 | pmid=14583985 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003587 | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid14508335">{{cite journal| author=Myles PS, Daly DJ, Djaiani G, Lee A, Cheng DC| title=A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of fast-track cardiac anesthesia. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 2003 | volume= 99 | issue= 4 | pages= 982-7 | pmid=14508335 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid16614584">{{cite journal| author=van Mastrigt GA, Maessen JG, Heijmans J, Severens JL, Prins MH| title=Does fast-track treatment lead to a decrease of intensive care unit and hospital length of stay in coronary artery bypass patients? A meta-regression of randomized clinical trials. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2006 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 1624-34 | pmid=16614584 | doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000217963.87227.7B | pmc= | url= }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''


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'''4.''' A fellowship-trained cardiac anesthesiologist (or experienced board-certified practitioner) credentialed in the use of perioperative transesophageal [[echocardiography]] (TEE) is recommended to provide or supervise anesthetic care of patients who are considered to be at high risk.<ref name="pmid12050607">{{cite journal| author=Cahalan MK, Stewart W, Pearlman A, Goldman M, Sears-Rogan P, Abel M et al.| title=American Society of Echocardiography and Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists task force guidelines for training in perioperative echocardiography. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2002 | volume= 15 | issue= 6 | pages= 647-52 | pmid=12050607 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12050607  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17098131">{{cite journal| author=Mathew JP, Glas K, Troianos CA, Sears-Rogan P, Savage R, Shanewise J et al.| title=American Society of Echocardiography/Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists recommendations and guidelines for continuous quality improvement in perioperative echocardiography. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2006 | volume= 19 | issue= 11 | pages= 1303-13 | pmid=17098131 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2006.08.039 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17098131  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19923503">{{cite journal| author=Thys DM| title=Cardiac anesthesia: thirty years later--the second annual Arthur E. Weyman lecture. | journal=Anesth Analg | year= 2009 | volume= 109 | issue= 6 | pages= 1782-90 | pmid=19923503 | doi=10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181be4002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19923503  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''.
'''4.''' A fellowship-trained cardiac anesthesiologist (or experienced board-certified practitioner) credentialed in the use of perioperative transesophageal [[echocardiography]] (TEE) is recommended to provide or supervise anesthetic care of patients who are considered to be at high risk.<ref name="pmid12050607">{{cite journal| author=Cahalan MK, Stewart W, Pearlman A, Goldman M, Sears-Rogan P, Abel M et al.| title=American Society of Echocardiography and Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists task force guidelines for training in perioperative echocardiography. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2002 | volume= 15 | issue= 6 | pages= 647-52 | pmid=12050607 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12050607  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17098131">{{cite journal| author=Mathew JP, Glas K, Troianos CA, Sears-Rogan P, Savage R, Shanewise J et al.| title=American Society of Echocardiography/Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists recommendations and guidelines for continuous quality improvement in perioperative echocardiography. | journal=J Am Soc Echocardiogr | year= 2006 | volume= 19 | issue= 11 | pages= 1303-13 | pmid=17098131 | doi=10.1016/j.echo.2006.08.039 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17098131  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19923503">{{cite journal| author=Thys DM| title=Cardiac anesthesia: thirty years later--the second annual Arthur E. Weyman lecture. | journal=Anesth Analg | year= 2009 | volume= 109 | issue= 6 | pages= 1782-90 | pmid=19923503 | doi=10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181be4002 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19923503  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''.


===Class IIa===
===[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]===
'''1.''' Volatile anesthetic-based regimens can be useful in facilitating early extubation and reducing patient recall.<ref name="pmid14508335">{{cite journal| author=Myles PS, Daly DJ, Djaiani G, Lee A, Cheng DC| title=A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of fast-track cardiac anesthesia. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 2003 | volume= 99 | issue= 4 | pages= 982-7 | pmid=14508335 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid9821994">{{cite journal| author=Dowd NP, Cheng DC, Karski JM, Wong DT, Munro JA, Sandler AN| title=Intraoperative awareness in fast-track cardiac anesthesia. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 1998 | volume= 89 | issue= 5 | pages= 1068-73; discussion 9A | pmid=9821994 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid20537922">{{cite journal| author=Groesdonk HV, Pietzner J, Borger MA, Fassl J, Haentschel D, Paarmann H et al.| title=The incidence of intraoperative awareness in cardiac surgery fast-track treatment. | journal=J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth | year= 2010 | volume= 24 | issue= 5 | pages= 785-9 | pmid=20537922 | doi=10.1053/j.jvca.2010.03.018 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20537922  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8968177">{{cite journal| author=Cheng DC, Karski J, Peniston C, Raveendran G, Asokumar B, Carroll J et al.| title=Early tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery reduces costs and improves resource use. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 1996 | volume= 85 | issue= 6 | pages= 1300-10 | pmid=8968177 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''
'''1.''' Volatile anesthetic-based regimens can be useful in facilitating early extubation and reducing patient recall.<ref name="pmid14508335">{{cite journal| author=Myles PS, Daly DJ, Djaiani G, Lee A, Cheng DC| title=A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of fast-track cardiac anesthesia. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 2003 | volume= 99 | issue= 4 | pages= 982-7 | pmid=14508335 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid9821994">{{cite journal| author=Dowd NP, Cheng DC, Karski JM, Wong DT, Munro JA, Sandler AN| title=Intraoperative awareness in fast-track cardiac anesthesia. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 1998 | volume= 89 | issue= 5 | pages= 1068-73; discussion 9A | pmid=9821994 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid20537922">{{cite journal| author=Groesdonk HV, Pietzner J, Borger MA, Fassl J, Haentschel D, Paarmann H et al.| title=The incidence of intraoperative awareness in cardiac surgery fast-track treatment. | journal=J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth | year= 2010 | volume= 24 | issue= 5 | pages= 785-9 | pmid=20537922 | doi=10.1053/j.jvca.2010.03.018 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20537922  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8968177">{{cite journal| author=Cheng DC, Karski J, Peniston C, Raveendran G, Asokumar B, Carroll J et al.| title=Early tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery reduces costs and improves resource use. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 1996 | volume= 85 | issue= 6 | pages= 1300-10 | pmid=8968177 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''


===Class IIb===
===[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]===
'''1.''' The effectiveness of high thoracic epidural anesthesia/analgesia for routine analgesic use is uncertain.<ref name="pmid20052816">{{cite journal| author=Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Rowlingson JC, Enneking FK, Kopp SL, Benzon HT et al.| title=Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Third Edition). | journal=Reg Anesth Pain Med | year= 2010 | volume= 35 | issue= 1 | pages= 64-101 | pmid=20052816 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid12707123">{{cite journal| author=Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, Vender JS, Avram MJ, Rosengart TK et al.| title=Recovery of neuromuscular function after cardiac surgery: pancuronium versus rocuronium. | journal=Anesth Analg | year= 2003 | volume= 96 | issue= 5 | pages= 1301-7, table of contents | pmid=12707123 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid15851604">{{cite journal| author=Nygård E, Kofoed KF, Freiberg J, Holm S, Aldershvile J, Eliasen K et al.| title=Effects of high thoracic epidural analgesia on myocardial blood flow in patients with ischemic heart disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 17 | pages= 2165-70 | pmid=15851604 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000163551.33812.1A | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15851604  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18566197">{{cite journal| author=Tenenbein PK, Debrouwere R, Maguire D, Duke PC, Muirhead B, Enns J et al.| title=Thoracic epidural analgesia improves pulmonary function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. | journal=Can J Anaesth | year= 2008 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 344-50 | pmid=18566197 | doi=10.1007/BF03021489 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18566197  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''.
'''1.''' The effectiveness of high thoracic epidural anesthesia/analgesia for routine analgesic use is uncertain.<ref name="pmid20052816">{{cite journal| author=Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Rowlingson JC, Enneking FK, Kopp SL, Benzon HT et al.| title=Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Third Edition). | journal=Reg Anesth Pain Med | year= 2010 | volume= 35 | issue= 1 | pages= 64-101 | pmid=20052816 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid12707123">{{cite journal| author=Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, Vender JS, Avram MJ, Rosengart TK et al.| title=Recovery of neuromuscular function after cardiac surgery: pancuronium versus rocuronium. | journal=Anesth Analg | year= 2003 | volume= 96 | issue= 5 | pages= 1301-7, table of contents | pmid=12707123 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid15851604">{{cite journal| author=Nygård E, Kofoed KF, Freiberg J, Holm S, Aldershvile J, Eliasen K et al.| title=Effects of high thoracic epidural analgesia on myocardial blood flow in patients with ischemic heart disease. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 17 | pages= 2165-70 | pmid=15851604 | doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000163551.33812.1A | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15851604  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18566197">{{cite journal| author=Tenenbein PK, Debrouwere R, Maguire D, Duke PC, Muirhead B, Enns J et al.| title=Thoracic epidural analgesia improves pulmonary function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. | journal=Can J Anaesth | year= 2008 | volume= 55 | issue= 6 | pages= 344-50 | pmid=18566197 | doi=10.1007/BF03021489 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18566197  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''.


===Class III: HARM===
===[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III: HARM]]===
'''1.''' [[Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors]] are not recommended for pain relief in the postoperative period after CABG. <ref name="pmid15713945">{{cite journal| author=Nussmeier NA, Whelton AA, Brown MT, Langford RM, Hoeft A, Parlow JL et al.| title=Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 11 | pages= 1081-91 | pmid=15713945 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa050330 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15713945  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12830070">{{cite journal| author=Ott E, Nussmeier NA, Duke PC, Feneck RO, Alston RP, Snabes MC et al.| title=Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2003 | volume= 125 | issue= 6 | pages= 1481-92 | pmid=12830070 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12830070  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
'''1.''' [[Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors]] are not recommended for pain relief in the postoperative period after CABG. <ref name="pmid15713945">{{cite journal| author=Nussmeier NA, Whelton AA, Brown MT, Langford RM, Hoeft A, Parlow JL et al.| title=Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 11 | pages= 1081-91 | pmid=15713945 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa050330 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15713945  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12830070">{{cite journal| author=Ott E, Nussmeier NA, Duke PC, Feneck RO, Alston RP, Snabes MC et al.| title=Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2003 | volume= 125 | issue= 6 | pages= 1481-92 | pmid=12830070 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12830070  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''


Revision as of 01:50, 29 November 2011

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [2]

ACCF/AHA Guidelines for Anesthetic Considerations during Coronary Artery Bypass surgery[1]

“

Class I

1. Anesthetic management directed toward early postoperative extubation and accelerated recovery of low to medium-risk patients undergoing uncomplicated CABG is recommended.[2][3][4] (Level of Evidence: B)

2. Multidisciplinary efforts are indicated to ensure an optimal level of analgesia and patient comfort throughout the perioperative period.[5][6][7][8][9] (Level of Evidence: B)

3. Efforts are recommended to improve interdisciplinary communication and patient safety in the perioperative environment (eg, formalized checklist-guided multidisciplinary communication). [10][11][12][13] (Level of Evidence: B).

4. A fellowship-trained cardiac anesthesiologist (or experienced board-certified practitioner) credentialed in the use of perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is recommended to provide or supervise anesthetic care of patients who are considered to be at high risk.[14][15][16] (Level of Evidence: C).

Class IIa

1. Volatile anesthetic-based regimens can be useful in facilitating early extubation and reducing patient recall.[3][17][18][19] (Level of Evidence: A)

Class IIb

1. The effectiveness of high thoracic epidural anesthesia/analgesia for routine analgesic use is uncertain.[20][21][22][23] (Level of Evidence: B).

Class III: HARM

1. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are not recommended for pain relief in the postoperative period after CABG. [24][25] (Level of Evidence: B)

2. Routine use of early extubation strategies in facilities with limited backup for airway emergencies or advanced respiratory support is potentially harmful. (Level of Evidence: C).

”

Guideline Resources

  • 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines[1].

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31823c074e. PMID 22064599.
  2. ↑ Hawkes CA, Dhileepan S, Foxcroft D (2003). "Early extubation for adult cardiac surgical patients". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD003587. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003587. PMID 14583985.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Myles PS, Daly DJ, Djaiani G, Lee A, Cheng DC (2003). "A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of fast-track cardiac anesthesia". Anesthesiology. 99 (4): 982–7. PMID 14508335.
  4. ↑ van Mastrigt GA, Maessen JG, Heijmans J, Severens JL, Prins MH (2006). "Does fast-track treatment lead to a decrease of intensive care unit and hospital length of stay in coronary artery bypass patients? A meta-regression of randomized clinical trials". Crit Care Med. 34 (6): 1624–34. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000217963.87227.7B. PMID 16614584.
  5. ↑ Bainbridge D, Martin JE, Cheng DC (2006). "Patient-controlled versus nurse-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery--a meta-analysis". Can J Anaesth. 53 (5): 492–9. doi:10.1007/BF03022623. PMID 16636035.
  6. ↑ Brennan F, Carr DB, Cousins M (2007). "Pain management: a fundamental human right". Anesth Analg. 105 (1): 205–21. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000268145.52345.55. PMID 17578977.
  7. ↑ Serfontein L (2010). "Awareness in cardiac anesthesia". Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 23 (1): 103–8. doi:10.1097/ACO.0b013e328334cb75. PMID 19949325.
  8. ↑ Lahtinen P, Kokki H, Hynynen M (2006). "Pain after cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study of 1-year incidence and intensity". Anesthesiology. 105 (4): 794–800. PMID 17006079.
  9. ↑ Taillefer MC, Carrier M, Bélisle S, Levesque S, Lanctôt H, Boisvert AM; et al. (2006). "Prevalence, characteristics, and predictors of chronic nonanginal postoperative pain after a cardiac operation: a cross-sectional study". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 131 (6): 1274–80. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.02.001. PMID 16733157.
  10. ↑ Martinez EA, Marsteller JA, Thompson DA, Gurses AP, Goeschel CA, Lubomski LH; et al. (2010). "The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists' FOCUS initiative: Locating Errors through Networked Surveillance (LENS) project vision". Anesth Analg. 110 (2): 307–11. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c92b9c. PMID 20081130.
  11. ↑ Wadhera RK, Parker SH, Burkhart HM, Greason KL, Neal JR, Levenick KM; et al. (2010). "Is the "sterile cockpit" concept applicable to cardiovascular surgery critical intervals or critical events? The impact of protocol-driven communication during cardiopulmonary bypass". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 139 (2): 312–9. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.10.048. PMID 20106395.
  12. ↑ Neily J, Mills PD, Young-Xu Y, Carney BT, West P, Berger DH; et al. (2010). "Association between implementation of a medical team training program and surgical mortality". JAMA. 304 (15): 1693–700. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1506. PMID 20959579.
  13. ↑ Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, Lipsitz SR, Breizat AH, Dellinger EP; et al. (2009). "A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population". N Engl J Med. 360 (5): 491–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0810119. PMID 19144931.
  14. ↑ Cahalan MK, Stewart W, Pearlman A, Goldman M, Sears-Rogan P, Abel M; et al. (2002). "American Society of Echocardiography and Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists task force guidelines for training in perioperative echocardiography". J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 15 (6): 647–52. PMID 12050607.
  15. ↑ Mathew JP, Glas K, Troianos CA, Sears-Rogan P, Savage R, Shanewise J; et al. (2006). "American Society of Echocardiography/Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists recommendations and guidelines for continuous quality improvement in perioperative echocardiography". J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 19 (11): 1303–13. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2006.08.039. PMID 17098131.
  16. ↑ Thys DM (2009). "Cardiac anesthesia: thirty years later--the second annual Arthur E. Weyman lecture". Anesth Analg. 109 (6): 1782–90. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181be4002. PMID 19923503.
  17. ↑ Dowd NP, Cheng DC, Karski JM, Wong DT, Munro JA, Sandler AN (1998). "Intraoperative awareness in fast-track cardiac anesthesia". Anesthesiology. 89 (5): 1068–73, discussion 9A. PMID 9821994.
  18. ↑ Groesdonk HV, Pietzner J, Borger MA, Fassl J, Haentschel D, Paarmann H; et al. (2010). "The incidence of intraoperative awareness in cardiac surgery fast-track treatment". J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 24 (5): 785–9. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2010.03.018. PMID 20537922.
  19. ↑ Cheng DC, Karski J, Peniston C, Raveendran G, Asokumar B, Carroll J; et al. (1996). "Early tracheal extubation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery reduces costs and improves resource use. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial". Anesthesiology. 85 (6): 1300–10. PMID 8968177.
  20. ↑ Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Rowlingson JC, Enneking FK, Kopp SL, Benzon HT; et al. (2010). "Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Third Edition)". Reg Anesth Pain Med. 35 (1): 64–101. PMID 20052816.
  21. ↑ Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, Vender JS, Avram MJ, Rosengart TK; et al. (2003). "Recovery of neuromuscular function after cardiac surgery: pancuronium versus rocuronium". Anesth Analg. 96 (5): 1301–7, table of contents. PMID 12707123.
  22. ↑ Nygård E, Kofoed KF, Freiberg J, Holm S, Aldershvile J, Eliasen K; et al. (2005). "Effects of high thoracic epidural analgesia on myocardial blood flow in patients with ischemic heart disease". Circulation. 111 (17): 2165–70. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000163551.33812.1A. PMID 15851604.
  23. ↑ Tenenbein PK, Debrouwere R, Maguire D, Duke PC, Muirhead B, Enns J; et al. (2008). "Thoracic epidural analgesia improves pulmonary function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery". Can J Anaesth. 55 (6): 344–50. doi:10.1007/BF03021489. PMID 18566197.
  24. ↑ Nussmeier NA, Whelton AA, Brown MT, Langford RM, Hoeft A, Parlow JL; et al. (2005). "Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery". N Engl J Med. 352 (11): 1081–91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050330. PMID 15713945.
  25. ↑ Ott E, Nussmeier NA, Duke PC, Feneck RO, Alston RP, Snabes MC; et al. (2003). "Efficacy and safety of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 125 (6): 1481–92. PMID 12830070.
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