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{{CMG}}
==Overview==
==[[Psittacosis overview|Overview]]==


==Symptoms==
==[[Psittacosis classification|Classification]]==


In humans, after incubation period of 5-14 days, the symptoms of the disease range from inapparent illness to systemic illness with severe [[pneumonia]].  It presents chiefly as an atypical pneumonia. In the first week of psittacosis the symtoms mimic [[typhoid fever]]: prostrating high [[fever]]s, [[arthralgia]]s, [[diarrhea]], [[conjunctivitis]], [[epistaxis]] and [[leukopenia]]. Rose spots can appear and these are called Horder's spots. [[Splenomegaly]] is frequent toward the end of first week. Diagnosis can be suspected in case of respiratory infection associated with splenomegaly and/or epistaxis. [[Headache]] can be so severe that suggests [[meningitis]] and some nuchal rigidity is not unusual. Towards the end of first week stupor or even [[coma]] can result in severe cases.
==[[Psittacosis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


The second week is more akin of acute bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia with continuous high fevers, cough and dyspnoea. [[X rays]] show patchy infiltrates or a diffuse whiteout of lung fields.
==[[Psittacosis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


Bloodwork shows leukopenia, [[thrombocytopenia]] and moderately elevated [[liver]] enzymes.
==[[Psittacosis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology & Demographics]]==


Differential diagnosis must be made with typhus, typhoid and atypical pneumonia by [[Mycoplasma]], [[Legionella]] or [[Q fever]]. Exposure history is paramout to diagnosis.
==[[Psittacosis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


Complications in the form of [[endocarditis]], [[hepatitis]],  [[myocarditis]], [[arthritis]], [[keratoconjunctivitis]], and neurologic complications ([[encephalitis]]) may occasionally occur. Severe pneumonia requiring intensive-care support may also occur. Fatal cases have been reported (less than 1% of cases).
==[[Psittacosis screening|Screening]]==


===Diagnosis===
==[[Psittacosis causes|Causes]]==
Diagnosis involves [[microbiological culture]]s from respiratory secretions of patients or [[serology|serologically]] with a fourfold or greater increase in [[antibody]] titers against ''C. psittaci'' in blood samples combined with the probable course of the disease. Typical inclusions called Leventhal -Colle-Lillie bodies can be seen within macrophages in BAL fluid. Culture of Chlamydia psittaci is hazardous and should only be carried out in biosafety laboratories.


===Epidemiology===
==[[Psittacosis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Psittacosis from other Diseases]]==
Since 1996, fewer than 50 confirmed cases were reported in the United States each year. Many more cases may occur that are not correctly diagnosed or reported.


Bird owners, pet shop employees, and veterinarians are at risk of the infection. Some outbreaks of psittacosis in poultry processing plants have been reported.
==[[Psittacosis natural history|Natural History, Complications & Prognosis]]==


===Treatment===
==[[Psittacosis diagnosis|Diagnosis]]==
The infection is treated with [[antibiotic]]s. [[Tetracycline]]s and chloramphenicol are the drugs of choice for treating patients with psittacosis. Most persons respond to oral therapy (100 mg of [[doxycycline]] administered twice a day , 500 mg of [[tetracycline]] hydrochloride administered four times a day) or 500 mg of [[chloramphenicol]] palmitate orally every 6 hours. For initial treatment of severely ill patients, doxycycline hyclate may be administered [[intravenous]]ly at a dosage of 4.4 mg/kg (2 mg/lb) body weight per day divided into two infusions per day (up to 100 mg per dose). In past years, tetracycline hydrochloride has been administered to patients intravenously (10-15 mg/kg body weight per day divided into four doses per day). Remission of symptoms usually is evident within 48-72 hours. However, relapse can occur, and treatment must continue for at least 10-14 days after fever abates. Although its [[in vivo]] efficacy has not been determined, [[erythromycin]] probably is the best alternative agent for persons for whom tetracycline is contraindicated (''e.g.'', children aged less than 9 years and [[pregnant]] women).
[[Psittacosis history and symptoms|History & Symptoms]] | [[Psittacosis physical examination|Physical Examination]] |[[Psittacosis staging| Staging]] | [[Psittacosis laboratory tests|Lab Tests]] | [[Psittacosis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] |[[Psittacosis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Psittacosis CT|CT]] | [[Psittacosis MRI|MRI]] | [[Psittacosis echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Psittacosis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Psittacosis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
 
==Source==
* ''The initial content for this article was adapted from sources available at http://www.cdc.gov.''


==Treatment==
[[Psittacosis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Psittacosis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Psittacosis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Psittacosis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] 
==External links==
==External links==
===Avian===
===Avian===

Revision as of 16:53, 8 February 2012

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Classification

Historical Perspective

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Epidemiology & Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Causes

Differentiating Psittacosis from other Diseases

Natural History, Complications & Prognosis

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History & Symptoms | Physical Examination | Staging | Lab Tests | Electrocardiogram |Chest X Ray | CT | MRI | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

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