HIV and its cognitive effects: Difference between revisions

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{{HIV}}
{{HIV}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}
==Overview==
HIV enters the brain early on in the infection.<ref name=Avison>{{Citation |last1= Avison |first1=MJ|last2= Nath |first2=A|last3= Greene-Avison |first3=R|last4= Schmitt |first4=FA|last5= Greenberg |first5=RN|last6= Berger |first6=JR|title = Neuroimaging correlates of HIV-associated BBB compromise | journal = Journal of Neuroimmunology | volume = 157| issue = 1–2| pages = 140–146 | year = 2004| pmid = 15579291 | doi =10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.025  }}</ref> It is thought that [[HIV]] uses a “Trojan horse” mechanism to enter the brain. Normally, the [[blood brain barrier]] (BBB) serves as a protective mechanism by preventing entry of foreign substances; disruption of the BBB by HIV contributes to the progression of infection.<ref name=Berger>{{Citation |last1= Berger |first1=JR|last2= Avison |first2= MJ | title = The Blood Brain Barrier in HIV Infection | journal = Frontiers in Bioscience | volume = 9| issue = | pages = 2680–2685 | year = 2004| pmid = 15358591 | doi =10.2741/1427  }}</ref> The virus is able to enter the brain through infected cells that pass through the BBB to replace the immune cells surrounding the blood supply in the brain.  When infected, immune cells are able to better migrate into tissues compared to uninfected cells. Infected [[microglia]] add to the production of the virus. This activation of the microglia may contribute to the process of neuropathogenesis that spreads the infection to nearby cells.<ref name=Gonzalez>{{Citation |last1= Gonzalez-Scarano |first1=F|last2= Martin-Garcia |first2=J| title = The neuropathogenesis of AIDS | journal = Nature Reviews Immunology | volume = 5| issue =  1| pages = 69–81 | year = 2005| pmid = 15630430 | doi =10.1038/nri1527  }}</ref> Other cells that can get infected include the astrocytes, which can trigger bystander cellular dysfunction and apoptosis, further compromising the blood brain barrier. The toxicity spreads through a gap junction-dependent mechanism.<ref name=Eugenin>{{Citation | last =  Eugenin | first = EA | last2 = Clements | first2 = JE | last3 =  Zink | first3 = MC | last4 = Berman | first4 = JW | title =  Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Human Astrocytes Disrupts Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity by a Gap Junction-Dependent Mechanism | journal = Journal of Neuroscience | volume = | 31 issue = 26| pages = 9456–9465 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21715610 | issue =  26 | pmc =  3132881 }}</ref>
==Reference==
{{reflist|2}}

Revision as of 19:59, 25 May 2012

Template:HIV Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

HIV enters the brain early on in the infection.[1] It is thought that HIV uses a “Trojan horse” mechanism to enter the brain. Normally, the blood brain barrier (BBB) serves as a protective mechanism by preventing entry of foreign substances; disruption of the BBB by HIV contributes to the progression of infection.[2] The virus is able to enter the brain through infected cells that pass through the BBB to replace the immune cells surrounding the blood supply in the brain. When infected, immune cells are able to better migrate into tissues compared to uninfected cells. Infected microglia add to the production of the virus. This activation of the microglia may contribute to the process of neuropathogenesis that spreads the infection to nearby cells.[3] Other cells that can get infected include the astrocytes, which can trigger bystander cellular dysfunction and apoptosis, further compromising the blood brain barrier. The toxicity spreads through a gap junction-dependent mechanism.[4]

Reference

  1. ↑ Avison, MJ; Nath, A; Greene-Avison, R; Schmitt, FA; Greenberg, RN; Berger, JR (2004), "Neuroimaging correlates of HIV-associated BBB compromise", Journal of Neuroimmunology, 157 (1–2): 140–146, doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.08.025, PMID 15579291
  2. ↑ Berger, JR; Avison, MJ (2004), "The Blood Brain Barrier in HIV Infection", Frontiers in Bioscience, 9: 2680–2685, doi:10.2741/1427, PMID 15358591
  3. ↑ Gonzalez-Scarano, F; Martin-Garcia, J (2005), "The neuropathogenesis of AIDS", Nature Reviews Immunology, 5 (1): 69–81, doi:10.1038/nri1527, PMID 15630430
  4. ↑ Eugenin, EA; Clements, JE; Zink, MC; Berman, JW (2011), "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Human Astrocytes Disrupts Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity by a Gap Junction-Dependent Mechanism", Journal of Neuroscience (26): 9456–9465, PMC 3132881, PMID 21715610 Unknown parameter |31 issue= ignored (help)
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