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A [[meta-analysis]] of [[randomized controlled trials]] concluded "Evidence supports the use of calcium, or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation, in the preventive treatment of osteoporosis in people aged 50 years or older. For best therapeutic effect, recommended minimum dose calcium is 1200 mg, and of vitamin D is 800 IU (for combined calcium plus vitamin D supplementation)."<ref name="pmid17720017">{{cite journal |author=Tang BMP et al |title=Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis|journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue= |pages=657-666 |year=2007 |pmid= |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61342-7}}</ref> A study that examined the relationship between calcium supplementation and clinical fracture risk in an elderly population, there was a significant decrease in fracture risk in patients that received calcium supplements versus those that received placebo. However, this benefit only applied to patients who were compliant with their treatment regimen.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM |title=Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |issue=8 |pages=869–75|year=2006 |pmid=16636212 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.8.869}}</ref> | A [[meta-analysis]] of [[randomized controlled trials]] concluded "Evidence supports the use of calcium, or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation, in the preventive treatment of osteoporosis in people aged 50 years or older. For best therapeutic effect, recommended minimum dose calcium is 1200 mg, and of vitamin D is 800 IU (for combined calcium plus vitamin D supplementation)."<ref name="pmid17720017">{{cite journal |author=Tang BMP et al |title=Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis|journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue= |pages=657-666 |year=2007 |pmid= |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61342-7}}</ref> A study that examined the relationship between calcium supplementation and clinical fracture risk in an elderly population, there was a significant decrease in fracture risk in patients that received calcium supplements versus those that received placebo. However, this benefit only applied to patients who were compliant with their treatment regimen.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM |title=Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |issue=8 |pages=869–75|year=2006 |pmid=16636212 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.8.869}}</ref> | ||
* | * '''[[Vitamin ]]''' - increasing vitamin D intake has been shown to reduce fractures up to twenty-five percent in older people, according to recent studies.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B|title=Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=JAMA|volume=293 |issue=18 |pages=2257–64 |year=2005 |pmid=15886381 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.18.2257}}</ref><ref name="pmid17720017"/>. The very large Women's Health Initiative study, however, did not find any fracture benefit from calcium and vitamin D supplementation, but these women were already taking (on average) 1200 mg/day of calcium . Muscle weakness can contribute to falls so it is beneficial for people living with osteoporosis to improve muscle function. Vitamin D deficiency causes muscle weakness.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Holick MF |title=Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets |journal=J. Clin. Invest.|volume=116 |issue=8 |pages=2062–72 |year=2006 |pmid=16886050 |doi=10.1172/JCI29449}}</ref>. A meta-analysis of five clinical trials showed 800 IU of vitamin D per day (plus calcium) reduced the risk of falls by 22%.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B |title=Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=18–28|year=2006 |pmid=16825677 |doi=}}</ref>. A different randomized, controlled study showed nursing home residents who took 800 IU of vitamin D per day (plus calcium) having a 72% reduction in the risk of falls.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Holick MF, Kiel DP |title=A higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=234–9|year=2007 |pmid=17302660 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01048.x}}</ref>. New vitamin D intake recommendations (National Osteoporosis Foundation, July 2007) are adults up to age 50, 400-800 IU daily and those over 50, 800 - 1,000 IU daily. | ||
* '''[[Excess protein]]''' - there are three elements relating to a person's levels of calcium: consumption, absorption, and excretion. High protein intake is known to encourage urinary calcium losses and has been shown to increase risk of fracture in research studies.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA |title=Protein consumption and bone fractures in women |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=472–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8610662 |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Abelow BJ, Holford TR, Insogna KL |title=Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis |journal=Calcif. Tissue Int. |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=14–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1739864 |doi=}}</ref>. | |||
* '''Others''' - There is some evidence to suggest bone density benefits from taking the following supplements (in addition to calcium and vitamin D): boron, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, silicon, strontium, folic acid, and vitamins B6, C, and K.<ref>Gaby, Alan R.,''Preventing and Reversing Osteoporosis,'' 1994. ISBN 0-7615-0022-7</ref><ref>Kessler, George J., ''The Bone Density Diet,''2000. ISBN 0-345-43284-3</ref> This is weak evidence and quite controversial. | |||
There is some evidence to suggest bone density benefits from taking the following supplements (in addition to calcium and vitamin D): boron, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, silicon, strontium, folic acid, and vitamins B6, C, and K.<ref>Gaby, Alan R.,''Preventing and Reversing Osteoporosis,'' 1994. ISBN 0-7615-0022-7</ref><ref>Kessler, George J., ''The Bone Density Diet,''2000. ISBN 0-345-43284-3</ref> This is weak evidence and quite controversial. | |||
===Exercise=== | ===Exercise=== | ||
Revision as of 15:11, 22 July 2012
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Osteoporosis Microchapters |
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Osteoporosis medical therapy On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Osteoporosis medical therapy |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.[3]
Overview
Drugs, especially Bisphosphonates are the main medications in the treatment of osteoporosis. However, lifestyle changes are also emphasized.
Medical management
Medications
Bisphosphonates are the first line pharmacological measures for treatment of Osteoporosis. Other medications used are teriparatide, raloxifene, calcitonin and denosumab[1]. The national osteoporosis foundation recommendations for pharmacologic therapy include any post-menopausal women and men aged 50 and more who has the following features:
- a hip or vertebral fracture
- T-score of -2.5 or less on the DEXA scan at the femoral neck or spine after appropriate evaluation to exclude secondary causes
- T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 at the femoral neck or spine and a 10-year probability of a hip fracture of 3% or greater or a 10-year probability of a major osteoporosis-related fracture of 20% or greater. Medical therapy can only halt the progression of the disease but not cure it or reverse the pathological process.
- Bisphosphonates
- Alendronate - approved for treatment in men, postmenopausal women and also in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. Clinical trials show positive results in the form of reduction of fractures in these patient populations. Usual dose is 70mg/week.
- Risedronate - available in delayed release forms also. Dose is 35 mg/week
- Zoledronic acid - most potent Bisphosphonate. It is a once a year intravenous infusion approved for the treatment of Osteoporosis in men, postmenopausal women and in glucocorticoid abuse. A study showed 35% reduction in hip fractures and more than 50% reduction in vertebral fractures after using this drug. This study also found a mortality benefit of 28%.[2] But is nephrotoxic.
- Ibandronate - this is a once a month oral bisphosphonate. I.V form is also available which is taken once in 3 months.
I.V route is preferred in patients who are intolerant to oral bisphosphonates and also n whom adherence is a issue. Precaution to be taken while taking bisphosphonates is that they have to be taken sitting upright with a large glass of water at least 30 minutes before eating in the morning.
- Raloxifene - this selective estrogen receptor modulator is the second line of drug in the treatment of Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It is used both as treatment and prevention. It has shown a 35% reduction in vertebral fracture risk. Has shown efficacy in reducinh the prevalence and incidence of invasive breast cancer. Usual dose is 60 mg daily. Known to cause DVT and hot flushes in young premenopausal women.
- Teriparatide - it is a human recombinant parathyroid hormone shown to be effective in osteoporosis. Indications for it's use are patients with established osteoporosis (who have already fractured), have particularly low BMD or several risk factors for fracture or cannot tolerate the oral bisphosphonates. Also approved for glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. It is given as a daily injection with the use of a pen-type injection device. Teriparatide is only licensed for treatment if bisphosphonates have failed or are contraindicated. However, patients with previous radiation therapy, or Paget's disease, or young patients should avoid this medication.
- Calcitonin - Calcitonin-salmon is a hormone that decreases osteoclast function and there by reducing impending bone loss. It is indicated for use only in women who are 5 years post-menopause and have a low bone mineral density. Clinical trials show a reduced vertebral fracture risk by 30%. Intra nasal spray and subcutaneous forms are available. 200 IU is the usual prescribed dose.
- Denosumab - fully human monoclonal antibody designed to target RANKL (RANK ligand), a protein that acts as the primary signal for bone removal. Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in postmenopausal women with risk of Osteoporosis.
Nutrition
- Calcium - the patient should include 1200 to 1500 mg of calcium daily either via dietary means (for instance, an 8 oz glass of milk contains approximately 300 mg of calcium) or via supplementation. The body absorbs only about 500 mg of calcium at one time and so intake should be spread throughout the day. However, the benefit of supplementation of calcium alone remains, to a degree, controversial since several nations with high calcium intakes through milk-products (e.g. the USA, Sweden) have some of the highest rates of osteoporosis worldwide, though this may be linked to such countries' excess consumption of protein. A few studies even suggested an adverse effect of calcium excess on bone density and blamed the milk industry for misleading customers. Some nutritionists assert that excess consumption of dairy products causes acidification, which leaches calcium from the system, and argue that vegetables and nuts are a better source of calcium and that in fact milk products should be avoided. This theory has no proof from scientific clinical studies. Similarly, nutritionists believe that excess caffeine consumption can also contribute to leaching calcium from the bones.
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials concluded "Evidence supports the use of calcium, or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation, in the preventive treatment of osteoporosis in people aged 50 years or older. For best therapeutic effect, recommended minimum dose calcium is 1200 mg, and of vitamin D is 800 IU (for combined calcium plus vitamin D supplementation)."[3] A study that examined the relationship between calcium supplementation and clinical fracture risk in an elderly population, there was a significant decrease in fracture risk in patients that received calcium supplements versus those that received placebo. However, this benefit only applied to patients who were compliant with their treatment regimen.[4]
- Vitamin - increasing vitamin D intake has been shown to reduce fractures up to twenty-five percent in older people, according to recent studies.[5][3]. The very large Women's Health Initiative study, however, did not find any fracture benefit from calcium and vitamin D supplementation, but these women were already taking (on average) 1200 mg/day of calcium . Muscle weakness can contribute to falls so it is beneficial for people living with osteoporosis to improve muscle function. Vitamin D deficiency causes muscle weakness.[6]. A meta-analysis of five clinical trials showed 800 IU of vitamin D per day (plus calcium) reduced the risk of falls by 22%.[7]. A different randomized, controlled study showed nursing home residents who took 800 IU of vitamin D per day (plus calcium) having a 72% reduction in the risk of falls.[8]. New vitamin D intake recommendations (National Osteoporosis Foundation, July 2007) are adults up to age 50, 400-800 IU daily and those over 50, 800 - 1,000 IU daily.
- Excess protein - there are three elements relating to a person's levels of calcium: consumption, absorption, and excretion. High protein intake is known to encourage urinary calcium losses and has been shown to increase risk of fracture in research studies.[9][10].
- Others - There is some evidence to suggest bone density benefits from taking the following supplements (in addition to calcium and vitamin D): boron, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, silicon, strontium, folic acid, and vitamins B6, C, and K.[11][12] This is weak evidence and quite controversial.
Exercise
Multiple studies have shown that aerobics, weight bearing, and resistance exercises can all maintain or increase BMD in postmenopausal women.[13] Many researchers have attempted to pinpoint which types of exercise are most effective at improving BMD and other metrics of bone quality, however results have varied. One year of regular jumping exercises appears to increase the BMD and moment of inertia of the proximal tibia[14] in normal postmenopausal women. Treadmill walking, gymnastic training, stepping, jumping, endurance, and strength exercises all resulted in significant increases of L2-L4 BMD in osteopenic postmenopausal women.[15][16][17] Strength training elicited improvements specifically in distal radius and hip BMD.[18]
References
- ↑ Curtis JR, Safford MM (2012). "Management of Osteoporosis among the Elderly with Other Chronic Medical Conditions". Drugs Aging. 29 (7): 549–64. doi:10.2165/11599620-000000000-00000. PMID 22715862. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS; et al. (2007). "Zoledronic Acid and Clinical Fractures and Mortality after Hip Fracture". N Engl J Med: published online 2007-09-17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa074941. PMID 17878149.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tang BMP; et al. (2007). "Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis". Lancet. 370: 657–666. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61342-7.
- ↑ Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM (2006). "Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women". Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (8): 869–75. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.8.869. PMID 16636212.
- ↑ Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B (2005). "Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". JAMA. 293 (18): 2257–64. doi:10.1001/jama.293.18.2257. PMID 15886381.
- ↑ Holick MF (2006). "Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets". J. Clin. Invest. 116 (8): 2062–72. doi:10.1172/JCI29449. PMID 16886050.
- ↑ Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B (2006). "Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84 (1): 18–28. PMID 16825677.
- ↑ Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Holick MF, Kiel DP (2007). "A higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 55 (2): 234–9. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01048.x. PMID 17302660.
- ↑ Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA (1996). "Protein consumption and bone fractures in women". Am. J. Epidemiol. 143 (5): 472–9. PMID 8610662.
- ↑ Abelow BJ, Holford TR, Insogna KL (1992). "Cross-cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis". Calcif. Tissue Int. 50 (1): 14–8. PMID 1739864.
- ↑ Gaby, Alan R.,Preventing and Reversing Osteoporosis, 1994. ISBN 0-7615-0022-7
- ↑ Kessler, George J., The Bone Density Diet,2000. ISBN 0-345-43284-3
- ↑ Bonaiuti D, Shea B, Iovine R; et al. (2002). "Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD000333. PMID 12137611.
- ↑ Cheng S, Sipilä S, Taaffe DR, Puolakka J, Suominen H (2002). "Change in bone mass distribution induced by hormone replacement therapy and high-impact physical exercise in post-menopausal women". Bone. 31 (1): 126–35. PMID 12110425.
- ↑ Chien MY, Wu YT, Hsu AT, Yang RS, Lai JS (2000). "Efficacy of a 24-week aerobic exercise program for osteopenic postmenopausal women". Calcif. Tissue Int. 67 (6): 443–8. PMID 11289692.
- ↑ Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S (2001). "Effect of exercise training and detraining on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis". Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 6 (2): 128–32. doi:10.1007/s0077610060128. PMID 11484097.
- ↑ Kemmler W, Engelke K, Weineck J, Hensen J, Kalender WA (2003). "The Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study: a controlled exercise trial in early postmenopausal women with low bone density-first-year results". Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 84 (5): 673–82. PMID 12736880.
- ↑ Kerr D, Morton A, Dick I, Prince R (1996). "Exercise effects on bone mass in postmenopausal women are site-specific and load-dependent". J. Bone Miner. Res. 11 (2): 218–25. PMID 8822346.