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| *[[Acute liver failure ]] | | *[[Acute liver failure ]] |
| *[[Adenoviridae Infections ]] | | *[[Adenoviridae Infections ]] |
| *[[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome ]] | | *[[Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome ]] <ref name="pmid8592332">{{cite journal |author=Tolmie JL, Shillito P, Hughes-Benzie R, Stephenson JB |title=The Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (familial, early onset encephalopathy with calcifications of the basal ganglia and chronic cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis) |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=881–4 |year=1995 |month=November |pmid=8592332 |pmc=1051740 |doi= |url=}}</ref> |
| *[[Alcohol withdrawal]] | | *[[Alcohol withdrawal]] |
| *[[Alcoholism]] | | *[[Alcoholism]] |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Encephalopathy alters brain function and/or structure.It may be caused by an infectious agent (bacteria, virus, orprion), metabolic or mitochondrial dysfunction, brain tumor or increased intracranial pressure, prolonged exposure to toxins (including solvents, drugs, alcohol, paints, industrial chemicals, and certain metals), radiation, chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain. It is also known that concomitant use of lithium with other neuroleptics may, in rare cases, cause encephalopathy.
Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
| Cardiovascular
|
Hemorrhagic shock, Malignant hypertension, Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy
|
| Chemical / poisoning
|
Alcohol withdrawal, Aluminum , Carbon monoxide poisoning, Ifosamide, Lead poisoning, Methylene Chloride , Narcotics, Occupational lead exposure , Toxic mushrooms
|
| Dermatologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Drug Side Effect
|
Aldesleukin, Aminosalicylic acid, Bortezomib, Cefepime, Cisplatin, Epoetin beta , Esomeprazole, Levofloxacin , Melarsoprol, Metronidazole, Topiramate, Valacyclovir, Valproate
|
| Ear Nose Throat
|
No underlying causes
|
| Endocrine
|
Hashimoto's encephalopathy
|
| Environmental
|
Hypoxia, Near drowning
|
| Gastroenterologic
|
Acute liver failure , Budd-Chiari syndrome , Chronic liver disease , Cirrhosis of liver , Idiopathic liver cirrhosis , Liver failure, Obliterative portal venopathy , Reye syndrome , Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome , Hepatoma
|
| Genetic
|
Chromosome 18 Ring , Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency , Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q , Chromosome 9q duplication syndrome , Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome , Landau–Kleffner syndrome , Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Ohtahara syndrome , West syndrome, Carnitine deficiency syndromes , Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency , Carnitine transporter deficiency , Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency , MELAS , NADH CoQ reductase deficiency
|
| Hematologic
|
Mosse syndrome
|
| Iatrogenic
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Peritoneal dialysis, Transjugular intrahepatic porto systemic shunt
|
| Infectious Disease
|
Adenoviridae Infections , Boutonneuse fever , Bovine spongiform encephalopathy , Brain abscess, HIV, India tick typhus , Israeli spotted fever , Kuru, Lyme disease , Marseilles fever , Mediterranean Spotted Fever , Psittacosis , Whooping Cough , Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
|
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho
|
Neuromuscular disorder
|
| Neurologic
|
Bing-Neel syndrome , Bonnemann-Meinecke-Reich syndrome , Early myoclonic encephalopathy, Granulomatous angiitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Landau–Kleffner syndrome , Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Motor neuron disease, Myasthenia gravis, Neuromuscular disorder, Ohtahara syndrome , Progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy, Post-ictal state, Raised intracranial pressure, Scrapie, Stroke, West syndrome, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy , Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome
|
| Nutritional / Metabolic
|
Acidosis, Alcoholism, Carnitine deficiency syndromes , Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency , Carnitine transporter deficiency , Coenzyme Q 10 deficiency , Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency , Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency , Electrolyte abnormalities, HMG CoA synthetase deficiency , Hyperammonemia, Hypoglycemia, Inborn urea cycle disorder , Malnutrition, MELAS , NADH CoQ reductase deficiency , Obesity, Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency , Thiamine deficiency, Uremia, Uremic encephalopathy, Vitamin B deficiency, Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome , Wernicke's encephalopathy, Pyridoxamine 5-prime-phosphate oxidase deficiency
|
| Obstetric/Gynecologic
|
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
|
| Oncologic
|
Brain tumour, Hepatoma
|
| Opthalmologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Overdose / Toxicity
|
Acetaminophen toxicity
|
| Psychiatric
|
No underlying causes
|
| Pulmonary
|
Asthma, Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis, Central alveolar hypoventilation, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Ephysema, Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Primary alveolar hypoventilation, Sleep apnea
|
| Renal / Electrolyte
|
Hyponatremia, Renal failure
|
| Rheum / Immune / Allergy
|
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome , Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome , Vasculitis, Hashimoto's encephalopathy
|
| Sexual
|
No underlying causes
|
| Trauma
|
Concussion
|
| Urologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Dental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Miscellaneous
|
No underlying causes
|
References
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