Beta-lactam: Difference between revisions
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Latest revision as of 22:52, 8 August 2012
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WikiDoc Resources for Beta-lactam |
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Most recent articles on Beta-lactam Most cited articles on Beta-lactam |
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Media |
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Powerpoint slides on Beta-lactam |
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Evidence Based Medicine |
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Clinical Trials |
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Ongoing Trials on Beta-lactam at Clinical Trials.gov Clinical Trials on Beta-lactam at Google
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US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Beta-lactam
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Commentary |
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Definitions |
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Patient Resources / Community |
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Patient resources on Beta-lactam Discussion groups on Beta-lactam Patient Handouts on Beta-lactam Directions to Hospitals Treating Beta-lactam Risk calculators and risk factors for Beta-lactam
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Causes & Risk Factors for Beta-lactam |
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International |
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Experimental / Informatics |
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|} A beta-lactam ring (β-lactam) or penam is a lactam with a heteroatomic ring structure, consisting of three carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The beta-lactam ring is part of the structure of several antibiotic families, principally the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams, which are therefore also called beta-lactam antibiotics. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis. This has a lethal effect on bacteria, especially on Gram-positive ones. Bacteria can become resistant against beta-lactam antibiotics by expressing beta-lactamase.
Beta-lactam resistance
Because of the popularity of beta-lactam drugs, certain bacteria have been able to develop counter-measures to traditional drug therapies. An enzyme called beta-lactamase is present in many different types of bacteria, which serves to 'break' the beta lactam ring, which effectively nullifies the antibiotic's effectiveness.
Response to beta-lactam resistance
As a response to bacterial resistance to beta-lactam drugs, there are drugs, such as Augmentin, which are designed to disable the beta-lactamase enzyme. Augmentin is made of amoxicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, and clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. The clavulanic acid is designed to overwhelm all beta-lactamase enzymes, bind irreversibly to them, and effectively serve as an antagonist so that the amoxicillin is not affected by the beta-lactamase enzymes.
Secondary beta-lactam drug resistance
As a response to decreased efficacy of beta-lactamase, some bacteria have changed the proteins that beta-lactam antibiotics bind, the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Since the PBPs no longer recognize the beta-lactams, the antibiotics are essentially useless. This is the mechanism behind the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
See also
External links
de:β-Lactam-Antibiotika
ko:베타-락탐
nl:Bèta-lactam-antibioticum