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==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
==Treatment==
{{main|Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder treatments}}
Singularly, stimulant medication is the most efficient and cost effective method of treating ADHD. <ref>Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder http://www.aacap.org/galleries/PracticeParameters/JAACAP_ADHD_2007.pdf</ref> <ref name = "Jensen">{{cite journal | author = Jensen, et al | title = Cost-Effectiveness of ADHD Treatments: Findings from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 162 | pages = 1628–1636 (Page:1633) | year = 2005 | pmid = 16135621 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1628}} [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/162/9/1628 Free full text]</ref> Over 200 controlled studies have shown that stimulant medication is an effective way to treat ADHD.<ref name="BarkleyContEd"/><ref>Barkley, Russell A. [http://www.continuingedcourses.net/active/courses/course006.php?PHPSESSID=169b92182fe1584725 Treating Children and Adolescents with ADHD: An Overview of Empirically Based Treatments.] ContinuingEdCourses.Net.  Retrieved on 2007-08-13.</ref>  Methods of treatment usually involve some combination of medications, behaviour modifications, life style changes, and counseling. Behavioral parent training, behavior therapy aimed at parents to help them understand ADHD has also shown short term benefits.<ref>Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder http://www.aacap.org/galleries/PracticeParameters/JAACAP_ADHD_2007.pdf</ref> [[Omega-3 fatty acids]], [[zinc]] and [[magnesium]] may have benefits with regard to ADHD symptoms.<ref name="pmid16190793">{{cite journal |author=Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA |title=Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=619-27 |year=2005 |pmid=16190793 |doi=10.1089/cap.2005.15.619}}</ref><ref name="pmid16962757">{{cite journal |author=Antalis CJ, Stevens LJ, Campbell M, Pazdro R, Ericson K, Burgess JR |title=Omega-3 fatty acid status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids |volume=75 |issue=4-5 |pages=299-308 |year=2006 |pmid=16962757 |doi=10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.004}}</ref>
[[Comorbid]] disorders or substance abuse can make finding the proper diagnosis and the right overall treatment more costly and time-consuming. Psychosocial therapy is useful in treating some comorbid conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | author =Foster, et al | title = Treatment of ADHD: Is More Complex Treatment Cost-Effective for More Complex Cases? | journal =HSR: Health Services Research | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 165–182 (Page:177) | year = 2007 | pmid = 17355587}}</ref>


==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==

Revision as of 16:28, 12 August 2012

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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (USA)
ICD-10 F90
ICD-9 314.00, 314.01
OMIM 143465
DiseasesDB 6158
MedlinePlus 001551

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Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S.,M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Laura Tommaso, M.D.

Synonyms and keywords: ADHD

Overview

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Epidemiology and Demographics

Prognosis

The diagnosis of ADHD implies an impairment in life functioning. Many adverse life outcomes are associated with ADHD.

During the elementary years an ADHD student will have more difficulties with work completion, productivity, planning, remembering things needed for school, and meeting deadlines. Oppositional and socially aggressive behavior is seen in 40-70 percent of children at this age. Even ADHD kids with average to above average intelligence show "chronic and severe under achievement". Fully 46% of those with ADHD have been suspended and 11% expelled.[1] Thirty seven percent of those with ADHD do not get a high school diploma even though many of them will receive special education services.[2] The combined outcomes of the expulsion and dropout rates indicate that almost half of all ADHD students never finish highschool.[3] Only five percent of those with ADHD will get a college degree compared to twenty seven percent of the general population. (US Census, 2003)

See also

General

Controversy

Related disorders

References

  1. ↑ U.S. Department of Education "How Does ADHD Affect School Performance?", 2007
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ Template:PDFlink

Further reading

  • National Institute of Health

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001551.htm

  • Hartmann,Thom "Attention Deficit Disorder, A Different Perception" subtitled "A Hunter in a Farmers World".
  • Barkley, Russell A. Take Charge of ADHD: The Complete Authoritative Guide for Parents (2005) New York: Guilford Publications.
  • Bellak L, Kay SR, Opler LA. (1987) "Attention deficit disorder psychosis as a diagnostic category". Psychiatric Developments, 5 (3), 239-63. PMID 3454965
  • Conrad, Peter Identifying Hyperactive Children (Ashgate, 2006).
  • Green, Christopher, Kit Chee, Understanding ADD; Doubleday 1994; ISBN 0-86824-587-9
  • Hanna, Mohab. (2006) Making the Connection: A Parent's Guide to Medication in AD/HD, Washington D.C.: Ladner-Drysdale.
  • Joseph, J. (2000). "Not in Their Genes: A Critical View of the Genetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder", Developmental Review 20, 539-567.
  • Kelly, Kate, Peggy Ramundo. (1993) You Mean I'm Not Lazy, Stupid or Crazy?! A Self-Help Book for Adults with Attention deficit Disorder. ISBN 0-684-81531-1
  • Matlen, Terry. (2005) "Survival Tips for Women with AD/HD". ISBN 1886941599
  • Ninivaggi, F.J. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Rethinking Diagnosis and Treatment Implications for Complicated Cases", Connecticut Medicine. September 1999; Vol. 63, No. 9, 515-521. PMID 10531701
  • Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at the Center for Disease Control
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at NIH
  • National Institute of Mental Health on ADHD


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